Near-infrared emissive cyanine probes for selective visualization of the physiological and pathophysiological modulation of albumin levels

Abstract

With the promising advantages of the near-infrared region (NIR) emissive markers for serum albumin becoming very prominent recently, we devised CyG-NHS as the cyanine derived longest NIR-I emissive optical marker possessing albumin selective recognition ability in diverse biological milieu.

NIR-I emissive cyanine derived molecular probe for selective monitoring of hepatic albumin levels during hyperglycemia

“…Thus, in this study, we attempted to measure and visualize hepatic albumin levels by exploring fluorescence microscopy, offering potential advantages. [15][16][17][18][19] To attain this, a potential organic optical marker (BI-CyG), triggering a noticeable optical signal with the serum albumin was developed and is reported in this study. The developed probe was carefully designed and derivatized from the cyanine scaffold framework owing to the extended conjugation of cyanine, as indicated by several literature reports.…”

“…Amongst the various probes reported so far for albumin recognition and quantification, [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] probes having both excitation and emission 4700 nm are few in numbers. 16,17,34 Emission in this region from the probe offers superior optical characteristics such as the diminished autofluorescence from biological samples, better tissue penetration depth, decreased photon scattering and images with high contrasts, which in turn delivers impartial key information. 15,35,36 This probe successfully endowed fluorescence microscopy as a tool to determine the detrimental effects of the hyperglycemic state on the hepatic albumin levels through visualization.…”

Differentiation of HSA and BSA and Instantaneous Detection of HSO3– Using Confined Space of Serum Albumins and Live Cell Imaging of Exogenous/Endogenous HSO3–

“…Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is a new member of the gasotransmitter − family in the cardiovascular system and is generated endogenously in cytosols and mitochondria upon the oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids. − During respiration, besides CO 2 , SO 2 is also breathed out, and the excreta from the kidneys include sulfite and sulfate. In physiological conditions, sulfites are formed by the reaction of SO 2 and water; SO 2 + H 2 O ↔ H 2 SO 3 – ↔ HSO 3 – + H + ↔ SO 3 2– + 2H + .…”

Role of Polymethinic Chain Substitution on the Two‐Photon Absorption Cross‐section of Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes

“…[5] Cyanines are widely used in research and development because of their remarkable optical properties, namely their tunable absorption and emission of light. [17][18][19][20] Applications of these synthetic materials include their pioneering use as photosensitizers in photography, [21] and have seen renewed interest in recent years, [22][23][24][25] for example in their use as tissuespecific labeling, [26] as fluorescent probes, [27,28] as standards for IR quantum yield measurements, [29] as donor-acceptor pairs in microscopic distance measurements, [30] as photosensitizers in prodrugs for chemo-phototherapy, [31] as photo-caging groups activated by near-IR light, [32] as saturable absorbers, [33] in telecommunications [34] and in photoremovable protecting groups (PPG) [35] and also their surprising use in the preparation of Bose-Einstein condensates at room temperature. [36] Cyanine dyes have electronic states that absorb and emit in the visible and in the infrared parts of the spectrum, they are commercially available and affordable, they are positively charged (which allows them to be used in aqueous media), their toxicities (or those of nanoparticles formed from them) are low enough to be biocompatible, they are functionalizable and most of them are chemically stable.…”