Near‐infrared fluorescence lymph node template region dissection plus backup lymphadenectomy in open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer using an innovative handheld device: A single center experience

Abstract

BackgroundThe extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND) as part of radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer (BC) remains unclear. Sentinel‐based and lymphangiographic approaches could lead to reduced morbidity without sacrificing oncologic safety.ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic value of fluorescence‐guided template sentinel region dissection (FTD) using a handheld near‐infrared fluorescence (NIRF) camera in open radical cystectomy.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsAfter peritumoral cystoscopic injection of indocyanine green (ICG) 21 patients underwent open RC with FTD due to BC between June 2019 and June 2021. Intraoperatively, the FIS‐00 Hamamatsu Photonics® NIRF camera was used to identify and resect fluorescent template sentinel regions (FTRs) followed by extended pelvic lymphadenectomy (ePLND) as oncological back‐up.Outcome Measurement and Statistical AnalysisDescriptive analysis of positive and negative results per template region.Results and LimitationsFTRs were identified in all 21 cases. Median time (range) from ICG injection to fluorescence detection was 75 (55–125) minutes. On average (SD), 33.4 (9.6) lymph nodes were dissected per patient. Considering template regions as the basis of analysis, 67 (38.3%) of 175 resected regions were NIRF‐positive, with 13 (7.4%) regions harboring lymph node metastases. We found no metastatic lymph nodes in NIRF‐negative template regions. Outside the standard template, two NIRF‐positive benign nodes were identified.ConclusionThe concept of NIRF‐guided FTD proved for this group all lymph node metastases to be found in NIRF‐positive template regions. Pending validation in a larger collective, resection of approximately 40% of standard regions may be sufficient and may result in less morbidity.

A preliminary investigation of precise visualization, localization, and resection of pelvic lymph nodes in bladder cancer by using indocyanine green fluorescence-guided approach through intracutaneous dye injection into the lower limbs and perineum

“…However, its study was limited by sample size and lack of outcome data. In another study ( 19 ), ICG fluorescence-guided dissection of sentinel regions was able to visualize the lymphatic drainage pathways of the tumors in all RC patients.…”