peptides. [6,8,12] However, these nucleustargeted fluorescent probes show some unsatisfactory properties, [2][3][4]9,14,15] as high toxicity, poor photostability, high cost, and functionalization complexity associated with the use of expensive targeting agents and so on. Therefore, it is essential to develop novel fluorescent probes with low cytotoxicity, good photostability, and low cost for nucleus imaging.Recently, highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have exhibited excellent bioimaging capabilities owing to superior optical properties (tunable and stable fluorescence emission), low toxicity, and unique surface characteristics. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Despite some researches have reported the nuclear-targeted ability of GQDs and carbon dots, [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] there are still some shortages. (1) To target the nucleus for cell nucleus imaging effectively, GQDs were functionalized by conventional conjugation approaches using expensive nuclear-localization peptides as the targeting agent, which increases the fabrication cost and complexity. [28,30,31,33,[35][36][37] (2) Nucleus-targeted GQDs were usually internalized in both cytoplasm and nucleus, exhibiting low nuclear targeting ability. [28,30,32,34,37] (3) The nuclear architectures like the nuclear envelope and nucleoli were not resolvable owing to weak interactions between functionalized GQDs and these architectures. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Therefore, it is urgent to design the high-quality GQDs for cell nuclear self-targeting imaging by means of synthesizing at a molecularly precise level, which promotes the exploration of their basic biological behaviors and biomedical applications.Herein, a one-step solvothermal strategy to synthesize amphiphilic, highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as nucleus-targeted fluorescence probes is reported. The edge-functionalization of GQDs with N and Cl ligands renders them amphiphilic and positive charged for boosting membrane crossing and histone binding in the nuclei. The fluorescent properties of the GQDs can be markedly enhanced by Cl doping, and thus their fluorescence quantum yield is raised to 30% under optimized Cl doping. The self-targeted GQDs exhibit multicolor cell imaging capability for visualization of fine architectures of the nucleus such as the nuclear envelope and nucleoli, which can be associated with their distinct surface features like amphiphilicity and high positive charge. These findings serve as a simple nuclear targeting strategy for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Cell ImagingThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.