Near infrared spectroscopy in peripheral artery disease and the diabetic foot: A systematic review

Abstract

With the need for tools that assess microvascular status in diabetic foot disease (DFD) being clear, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a putative method for noninvasive testing of the diabetic foot. The use of NIRS in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has extended to its role in studying the pathophysiology of DFD. NIRS generates metrics such as recovery time, deoxygenation, oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), tissue oxygen saturation (StO 2 ), total haemoglobin (HbT), and oxyhaemoglobin area under the curve (O 2 Hb AUC ). NIRS may potentially help the multidisciplinary team stratify limbs as high-risk, especially in diabetic patients with symptoms masked by peripheral neuropathy. NIRS may be useful for assessing treatment effectiveness and preventing deterioration of patients with PAD.

Multi-modality imaging for assessment of the microcirculation in peripheral artery disease: Bench to clinical practice

“…Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive method that involves delivering light with a wavelength between 630 and 830 nm, and using a diffusion-based model to calculate multiple metrics such as recovery time, deoxygenation, oxygen consumption and saturation, and hemoglobin parameters [ [69] , [70] , [71] ]. Individual studies have validated the use of NIRS to screen potential patients with PAD or for oxygen-guided exercise regimens [ [70] , [71] , [72] ]. One of the most robust parameters of NIRS is the oxyhemoglobin area under the curve, which has been recommended as the measurement parameter for assessment and follow-up of PAD [ 70 ].…”

“…Individual studies have validated the use of NIRS to screen potential patients with PAD or for oxygen-guided exercise regimens [ [70] , [71] , [72] ]. One of the most robust parameters of NIRS is the oxyhemoglobin area under the curve, which has been recommended as the measurement parameter for assessment and follow-up of PAD [ 70 ]. However, extensive heterogeneity between studies and parameters evaluated has limited the widespread adoption of the technology [ 70 , 71 , 73 ].…”

The predictive value of infrared thermal imaging (IRT) for peripheral artery disease: A systematic review

“…[2,3] The noninvasive measurement of muscle metabolism using near-infrared spectroscopy has also been used in investigations on PAD patients in different situations, both static and dynamic. [4,5] This method offers data on tissue microvascular hemodynamics while monitoring the equilibrium between oxygen delivery and consumption. The technology was evaluated in diagnosing patients with PAD and for assessing foot perfusion during movement or response to or during treatments because it is simple to use for bedside measurements.…”

Multi‐vital on‐skin optoelectronic biosensor for assessing regional tissue hemodynamics

“…rSO 2 can be measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, [18][19][20][21][22] but wearable devices have not yet used this method to evaluate PAD. 23,24 With the rapid development of epidermal electronics, 25,26 wearable optoelectronic devices have shown potential for the in situ monitoring of jaundice, arterial blood flow, and cerebral hemodynamics. [27][28][29] Thus, it may be possible to develop a flexible on-skin device that is capable of comprehensively detecting the oxygenation level of skin tissue, including the rSO 2 , for the prevention, diagnosis, and postoperative care of PAD.…”

“…Tissue oxygen saturation (rSO 2 ), one parameter that is widely used in various physiological and pathological processes, reflects the oxygenation capacity of skin tissue including the blood transportation and oxygenation level of the mixture of micro‐veins in dermal tissue. rSO 2 can be measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy, 18–22 but wearable devices have not yet used this method to evaluate PAD 23,24 . With the rapid development of epidermal electronics, 25,26 wearable optoelectronic devices have shown potential for the in situ monitoring of jaundice, arterial blood flow, and cerebral hemodynamics 27–29 .…”