Near visual function in young children. Part I: near point of convergence. Part II: amplitude of accommodation. Part III: near heterophoria

Chen, Ai Hong; O’Leary, Daniel J.; Howell, E.R.

doi:10.1016/s0275-5408(99)00056-3

Cited by 63 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 45 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Further, Lindqvist et al (2008) assessed the near point of convergence and found a median value of 8 cm, compared with 6 cm in the full-term children of the present study. The difference in values might be explained by the different ages of the children in the two studies (Chen et al 2000).…”

Section: Right Eye Left Eye Binocularmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophthalmological findings in 10‐year‐old full‐term children – a population‐based study

Larsson

Holmström

Rydberg

2014

Acta Ophthalmologica

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To determine different ophthalmological parameters in 10-year-old, healthy, full-term children in Stockholm County, Sweden. Methods: Two hundred and seventeen children were included in the study. Bestcorrected distance and near visual acuities (VA) were measured using logMAR charts. Cycloplegic retinoscopy was performed, and spherical equivalent and astigmatism were determined. Examination of ocular movement and cover test for distance and near were performed. Stereopsis was assessed with the TNO test, and contrast sensitivity with the Vistech test. The Royal Air Force rule was used for assessing accommodation, and near point of convergence was measured with the Lang fixation stick. Ophthalmoscopy was performed through dilated pupils. Results: Eighty-two per cent of the children had a distance VA of À0.1 logMAR (1.3 Snellen acuity) or better. None of the children were visually impaired [VA >0.6 logMAR (<0.3 Snellen acuity)]. Ninety-three per cent had a near VA of À0.1 logMAR (1.25 Snellen acuity) or better. Mean spherical equivalent was 0.6 D. Eight (3.6%) children had hypermetropia (≥+2 D), and 17 (7.8%) were myopic (≤À0.5 D). Nine (4.1%) children had an astigmatism ≥1 D, and two (0.9%) had anisometropia of ≥1 D. Manifest strabismus was found in seven (3.2%) children, five of whom had exotropia. Heterophoria for distance and/or near was found in 80.2% of the children. In children without manifest strabismus, stereopsis >60 seconds of arc was found in five (2.4%). Three (1.4%) of 215 children had contrast sensitivity below normal limits. Binocular median near point of accommodation was 14 D, and median near point of convergence 6 cm. Conclusion: Knowledge of various visual functions in normally developing children is crucial to be able to draw conclusions from ophthalmological examinations in children with eye diseases. This population-based study describes different ophthalmological parameters in full-term ten-year-old children. The material can be used as a control when examining children of similar ages with various ophthalmological conditions, such as groups of children with specific neurological or retinal diseases, and syndromes.

show abstract

Section: Right Eye Left Eye Binocularmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophthalmological findings in 10‐year‐old full‐term children – a population‐based study

Larsson

Holmström

Rydberg

2014

Acta Ophthalmologica

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…8 The ageing process reduces this facility and amplitudes drop steadily through adolescence and adulthood. [9][10][11] Another measure that describes accommodative function is the accommodative lag or lead. This is the amount of over (lead) or under (lag) accommodation produced in response to a visual target at a specified distance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical judgement of near pupil responses provides a useful indicator of focusing ability in children with cerebral palsy

Saunders

McClelland

Richardson

et al. 2007

Develop Med Child Neuro

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Accommodation is often reduced in cerebral palsy (CP). Knowledge about accommodative facility is valuable when investigating a child's visual needs and developing strategies for education. With normal accommodation, changing focus from distance to near results in pupil constriction. We compared quality of near pupil responses (NPR) with objective measures of accommodative function obtained with dynamic retinoscopy (DR) to investigate the utility of NPR in indicating accommodative facility. NPR and accommodative function of 90 children with CP (56 males, 34 females; median age 11y, range 4-18y) were assessed. A total of 93% of participants had spastic CP (71.3% bilateral involvement, 28.7% hemiplegia). The severity of motor impairment ranged from very mild (n=7) to severe (no independent walking, n=28). NPR was classified subjectively as normal, reduced, or absent and compared with DR measures of accommodative response. A total of 9.8% of pupil responses were judged absent, 25.6% reduced, and 64.6% normal. Participants with reduced or absent pupil responses demonstrated significantly poorer levels of accommodation with DR (one-way analysis of variance p<0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of NPR in identifying participants with reduced accommodation were 83% (95% confidence interval [CI] 65.5-92.4%) and 72% (95% CI 58.4-82.0%) respectively. NPR provides a rapid, useful indicator of accommodative function in children with CP.

show abstract

“…14,15,17 Chen ve ark. 16 1-17 yaş aralığında bu ölçümü ortalama 1,96 cm olarak bildirmişlerdir. Çalışmamızda 3-20 yaş aralığında ortalama konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası 1,68 cm olarak saptanmıştır.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…16,18 Buna rağmen literatürdeki konverjansın yakın noktası ile yaş ilişkisini araştıran birkaç çalışmada, yaş artmasının önemli bir değişikliğe sebep olmadığı vurgulanmıştır. 19,20 Jimenez ve ark.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

See 1 more Smart Citation

Normal Binoküler Görmeye Sahip Olan Türk Popülasyonunda, Farklı Yaş Grupları için Konverjansın Yakın Kırılma Noktası: Normatif Veri

Sayın¹,

Akar²,

Gökyiğit³

et al. 2013

tjo

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ÖzetAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, normal binokuler görmesi olan Türk popülasyonunda, konverjansın yakın kırılma noktasını değerlendirmek ve farklı yaş gruplarında konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası için normatif verileri elde etmekti. Ge reç ve Yön tem: Bu ileriye dönük çalışmada, normal binokuler görmeli 329 kişi (yaş aralığı 3-72 yıl) değerlendirildi. Konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası ölçümü akomodatif bir hedef ile, 4 kere tekrarlandı. Bu yaş grupları (≤10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and >60 yaş) için konverjansın yakın kırılma noktasının ortalama değerleri sağlandı. Yaş grupları arasındaki bu değerlerin istatistiksel karşılaştırılması (tek yol ANOVA ve Post hoc testi) oluşturuldu. Konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası ile yaş arasındaki ilişki Pearson's korelasyon testi ile değerlendirildi. So nuç lar: Ortalama konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası değerleri 2,46±1,88 (0,5-14) cm idi. Spesifik olarak bütün kişilerdeki ölçümlerin %95'i 6 cm'nin altındaydı. ≤10 yaş grubu ile 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, >60 yaş gruplarının konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark vardı (p=0,0001, p=0,0001, p=0,006, p=0,001, p=0,004). Konverjansın yakın kırılma noktasındaki artma ile yaşın artması arasında zayıf pozitif korelasyon gözlendi (r=0,355) (p<0,001). Tar t›fl ma: Göreceli olarak geniş çalışma popülasyonundan sağlanan bu değerler, normal binoküler görmeli Türk Popülasyonunda konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası için yaşla ilintilendirilmiş olarak örnek oluşturabilecek veri tabanını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu veri tabanı önceden rapor edilmemiştir. ( Sum maryPur po se: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the near point of convergence break in Turkish population with normal binocular vision and to obtain the normative data for the near point of convergence break in different age groups. Such database has not been previously reported. Ma te ri al and Met hod: In this prospective study, 329 subjects with normal binocular vision (age range, 3-72 years) were evaluated. The near point of convergence break was measured 4 times repeatedly with an accommodative target. Mean values of near point of convergence break were provided for these age groups (≤10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and >60 years old). A statistical comparison (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test) of these values between age groups was performed. A correlation between the near point of convergence break and age was evaluated by Pearson's correlation test. Re sults: The mean value for near point of convergence break was 2. 46±1.88 (0.5-14) cm. Specifically, 95% of measurements in all subjects were <6 cm. There were statistically significant differences, which were found between the age groups of ≤10 years old and 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, >60 year-old age groups in the near point of convergence break values (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.006, p=0.001, p= 0.004). A mild positive correlation was observed between the increase in near point of convergence break and increase of age (r=0.355) (p<0.001). Dis cus si on: Th...

show abstract

Near visual function in young children. Part I: near point of convergence. Part II: amplitude of accommodation. Part III: near heterophoria

Abstract: SynopsisThe near point of convergence (NPC) was investigated on 485 children using an objective push-up convergence pursuit test. The mean NPC increased signi®cantly with age. Surprisingly, the occurrence of an NPC of more than 5 cm was not seen until children were over 8 years of age.

Cited by 63 publications

References 45 publications

Ophthalmological findings in 10‐year‐old full‐term children – a population‐based study

Ophthalmological findings in 10‐year‐old full‐term children – a population‐based study

Clinical judgement of near pupil responses provides a useful indicator of focusing ability in children with cerebral palsy

Normal Binoküler Görmeye Sahip Olan Türk Popülasyonunda, Farklı Yaş Grupları için Konverjansın Yakın Kırılma Noktası: Normatif Veri

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About