Near Work, Outdoor Activity, and their Association with Refractive Error

Zhong, Lin; Vasudevan, Balamurali; Jhanji, Vishal; Mao, Guang Yun; Gao, Tie Ying; Wang, Feng Hua; Rong, Shi Song; Ciuffreda, Kenneth J.; Liang, Yuan Bo

doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000000219

Cited by 101 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Most authors believe that outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. We also observed this relationship in our paper.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

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Rola aktywności zewnętrznej w rozwoju krótkowzroczności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym

Czepita

Kuprjanowicz

Safranow

et al. 2017

Pomeranian J Life Sci

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Introduction:The aim of our study was to examine whether outdoor activity influences the prevalence of myopia in schoolchildren. Materials and methods: 5601 Polish students of elementary and secondary schools (2688 boys and 2913 girls), 6-18 years of age (mean 11.9 ±3.2 years) were examined. In every student cycloplegia after 1% tropicamide was performed. The mean spherical equivalent (SE) was calculated after examination of both eyes. Time spent on outdoor activity was evaluated based on a questionnaire. The obtained results were typed into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed statistically using Statistica 10 software. Non-parametric tests were used due to the SE distribution being significantly different from normal distribution in the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient (Rs) was used to evaluate the strength of the correlation between these variables. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: It has been established that with the increase in time spent on outdoor activity, the spherical equivalent of the examined students significantly increases, but the correlation is very weak (Rs = +0.036, p = 0.007). Conclusion: Outdoor activity slightly reduces the prevalence of myopia in schoolchildren. Keywords: outdoor activity; myopia; schoolchildren. ABSTRAKT Wstęp:Celem pracy było sprawdzenie, czy aktywność zewnętrzna wpływa na częstość występowania krótkowzrocz-ności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym. Materiały i metody: Przebadano 5601 polskich uczniów szkół podstawowych i średnich (2688 chłopców i 2913 dziewczynek) w wieku 6-18 lat (średnia 11,9 ±3,2). U wszystkich badanych uczniów wykonano skiaskopię po cykloplegii 1% tropikamidem. Obliczano średni ekwiwalent sferyczny (SE) dla obu oczu. Czas spędzony na aktywności zewnętrznej był oceniany w oparciu o ankietę. Otrzymane wyniki wprowadzono do elektronicznej bazy danych za pomocą programu Excel, a następnie poddano analizie statystycznej przy użyciu programu Statistica 10.Zastosowano testy nieparametryczne, gdyż rozkład SE różnił się istotnie od rozkładu normalnego w teście Kolmogorowa-Smirnowa. Do oceny siły korelacji używano współczynnika korelacji rang Spearmana (Rs). Przyjęto poziom istotności p < 0,05. Wyniki: Wykazano, że wraz ze wzrostem czasu spędzo-nego na świeżym powietrzu ekwiwalent sferyczny badanych uczniów rośnie znamiennie, jednak korelacja jest bardzo słaba (Rs = +0,036, p = 0,007). Wniosek: Aktywność zewnętrzna nieznacznie zmniejsza czę-stość występowania krótkowzroczności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym. Słowa kluczowe: aktywność zewnętrzna; krótkowzroczność; dzieci w wieku szkolnym.

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“…Most authors believe that outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. We also observed this relationship in our paper.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…It is also known that outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia -table 1 [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. However, lately a number of papers have been published that determined that outdoor activity does not have an influence on the prevalence of myopia -table 2 [18,19,20,21,22,23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rola aktywności zewnętrznej w rozwoju krótkowzroczności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym

Czepita

Kuprjanowicz

Safranow

et al. 2017

Pomeranian J Life Sci

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“…In addition, outdoor activity time in the rural children (approximately 3 hours per day) was relatively longer than in the urban children (less than 2 hours per day). 29 Spacious living environments, which may be associated with less myopia, 30 were common in the rural area, as very few houses were close to high buildings (11.4%). Based on these factors, we believe that the negative associations between RED and the risk factors in our cross-sectional study may be due to relatively less exposure and shorter accumulated duration for these risk factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generational Difference of Refractive Error and Risk Factors in the Handan Offspring Myopia Study

Zhong

Gao

Vasudevan

et al. 2014

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Lin Z, Gao TY, Vasudevan B, et al. Generational difference of refractive error and risk factors in the Handan Offspring Myopia Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:5711-5717. DOI:10.1167/ iovs.13-13693 PURPOSE. To report the refractive error difference (RED) between parents and their children, and its risk factors, in a rural area of China.METHODS. Children (6-17 years) and their parents (36.2 6 4.1 years) from the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS) were enrolled. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%, Topcon KR8800) of the children and noncycloplegic autorefraction of their parents were assessed. A detailed vision-based questionnaire was also completed. Refractive error difference was defined as the difference between the parental spherical equivalent (SE) and their children's SE. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED when a child would be 18 years old according to a prediction model. RESULTS.Three hundred fifty-six pairs of parents and 585 children were enrolled. The RED (median, quartiles) increased from À1.33 (À1.99, À0.98) diopters (D) in children aged 6 to 7 years to 0.81 (À0.16, 2.28) D in children aged 16 to 17 years. The children's SE was predicted to approach the parental SE at 14 years of age. Moreover, the children's estimated myopic shift would be 1.03 D. Multiple linear regression revealed that older children (b ¼ 0.23 D/y, P < 0.0001) and girls (b ¼ 0.24, P ¼ 0.01) tended to have a higher RED.CONCLUSIONS. In this rural Chinese population, the children's refraction was estimated to be similar to the parental refraction at 14 years of age. Moreover, the generational myopic shift was estimated to be approximately 1 D at 18 years of age. These data suggest that the generational difference reflects the increasing prevalence of myopia in the younger generation, which is likely due to changes in environmental exposure.

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“…Details of the myopia questionnaire on daily activities and their baseline results were reported elsewhere. 20 For very young students who could not read or understand the questionnaire very well (e.g. primary students in grade one), help was sought from their respective parent(s) to complete the questionnaire.…”

Section: Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Myopigenic Activity Change and Its Risk Factors in Urban Students in Beijing: Three-Year Report of Beijing Myopia Progression Study

Zhong

Vasudevan

Ciuffreda

et al. 2017

Ophthalmic Epidemiology

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Near Work, Outdoor Activity, and their Association with Refractive Error

Abstract: Higher levels of outdoor activity were associated with less myopic refraction in primary school students in the inner city of Beijing. Near work activity was not found to be associated with refraction at either school level.

Cited by 101 publications

References 45 publications

Rola aktywności zewnętrznej w rozwoju krótkowzroczności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym

Rola aktywności zewnętrznej w rozwoju krótkowzroczności u dzieci w wieku szkolnym

Generational Difference of Refractive Error and Risk Factors in the Handan Offspring Myopia Study

Myopigenic Activity Change and Its Risk Factors in Urban Students in Beijing: Three-Year Report of Beijing Myopia Progression Study

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