Nearly 20 000 e-liquids and 250 unique flavour descriptions: an overview of the Dutch market based on information from manufacturers

Havermans, Anne; Krüsemann, Erna J Z; Pennings, Jeroen L. A.; Graaf, Kees de; Boesveldt, Sanne; Talhout, Reinskje

doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055303

Cited by 48 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among various user groups has increased considerably over the past years 1 2. One of the most important reasons for e-cigarettes’ great popularity is the assortment of available e-liquid flavours3–6; for example, no less than 245 unique flavours were available in the Netherlands in 2017 7. Flavours increase product attractiveness among all types of (potential) users, that is, among youth and adults8 and among current smokers, dual users, exclusive vapers, as well as never-users 9.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such rules often rely on flavour-related marketing descriptions, which do not necessarily reflect human perception and may differ between e-liquid providers and therefore can be challenging to enforce. In addition, allowing or banning a specific e-liquid flavour may be complicated as e-liquids regularly have multiple flavour descriptors (eg, tobacco with caramel and vanilla) 7. Similarly, using sensory analysis to enforce e-liquid flavour regulations may be challenging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously generated an overview of all e-liquid flavour descriptions reported to be marketed in the Netherlands in 2017,7 by manually classifying almost 20 000 e-liquids into 16 main flavour categories 30. Classification was based on e-liquids’ flavour-related information reported by manufacturers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous study, we used information from manufacturers such as brand names to manually classify e-liquids by flavour description 7. However, 2586 e-liquids (15% of the entire dataset) could not be classified as flavour-related information was unspecific, incomplete or even unavailable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comprehensive overview of common e-liquid ingredients and how they can be used to predict an e-liquid’s flavour category

Krüsemann¹,

Havermans

Pennings

et al. 2020

Tob Control

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Objectives Flavours increase e-cigarette attractiveness and use and thereby exposure to potentially toxic ingredients. An overview of e-liquid ingredients is needed to select target ingredients for chemical analytical and toxicological research and for regulatory approaches aimed at reducing e-cigarette attractiveness. Using information from e-cigarette manufacturers, we aim to identify the flavouring ingredients most frequently added to e-liquids on the Dutch market. Additionally, we used flavouring compositions to automatically classify e-liquids into flavour categories, thereby generating an overview that can facilitate market surveillance. Methods We used a dataset containing 16 839 e-liquids that were manually classified into 16 flavour categories in our previous study. For the overall set and each flavour category, we identified flavourings present in more than 10% of the products and their median quantities. Next, quantitative and qualitative ingredient information was used to predict e-liquid flavour categories using a random forest algorithm. results We identified 219 unique ingredients that were added to more than 100 e-liquids, of which 213 were flavourings. The mean number of flavourings per e-liquid was 10±15. The most frequently used flavourings were vanillin (present in 35% of all liquids), ethyl maltol (32%) and ethyl butyrate (28%). In addition, we identified 29 category-specific flavourings. Moreover, e-liquids' flavour categories were predicted with an overall accuracy of 70%. Conclusions Information from manufacturers can be used to identify frequently used and category-specific flavourings. Qualitative and quantitative ingredient information can be used to successfully predict an e-liquid's flavour category, serving as an example for regulators that have similar datasets available.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Comprehensive overview of common e-liquid ingredients and how they can be used to predict an e-liquid’s flavour category

Krüsemann¹,

Havermans

Pennings

et al. 2020

Tob Control

Self Cite

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“…B. durch ein erhöhtes Irritationspotenzial gegenüber Atemwegszellen [16]. Infolgedessen ist die genaue Komposition von E-Liquids oft unklar, und selbst die detaillierte Inhaltsstoffangabe, die für Hersteller in der EU im Gegensatz zur USA meldepflichtig ist [17], hilft nicht, einen genauen Überblick über die Stoffe zu gewinnen, denen sich ein E-Zigaretten-Nutzer aussetzt, sowie die potenzielle Gefahr durch deren Inhalation abzuschätzen. Hierzu wäre eine chemische Analyse des E-Liquids direkt vor der Nutzung bzw.…”

Section: Inhaltsstoffe Von E-liquidsunclassified

E-Zigaretten – Funktionsweise, Inhaltsstoffe und die Vaping-assoziierte akute Lungenschädigung

Schupp

Prasse

Erythropel³

2020

Pneumologie

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ZusammenfassungSeit April 2019 kam es in den USA zu über 2000 Erkrankungen, bei denen zumeist junge Patienten mit schweren Lungenschädigungen in Krankenhäuser eingewiesen wurden. Im Verlauf sind bisher mehr als 40 Patienten verstorben. Nur ein einziger Zusammenhang konnte zwischen diesen Patienten ermittelt werden: Sie waren alle Nutzer von elektronischen Zigaretten (E-Zigaretten). Mittlerweile wird das Krankheitsbild im Englischen als EVALI bezeichnet (engl. „e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury”, E-Zigaretten- oder Vaping-assoziierte Lungenschädigung). Basierend auf zumeist US-amerikanischen Studien zum Thema soll diese Übersichtsarbeit einen Einblick in die Definition, die Epidemiologie, das Krankheitsbild, den typischen Verlauf und potenzielle Auslöser, wie z. B. Vitamin-E-Acetat, von EVALI geben. Zusätzlich soll ein allgemeiner Überblick über die prinzipielle Funktionsweise von E-Zigaretten, die Inhaltsstoffe der verdampften Flüssigkeiten (E-Liquids) sowie die damit verbundenen Inhalationsrisiken gegeben werden.

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Evidence of premature vascular dysfunction in young adults who regularly use e-cigarettes and the impact of usage length

Matheson,

Simovic,

Heefner

et al. 2024

Angiogenesis

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Background Electronic (e-) cigarettes are increasingly popular tobacco products on the US market. Traditional tobacco products are known to cause vascular dysfunction, one of the earliest indicators of cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. However, little is known about the effect of regular e-cigarette use on vascular function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of regular e-cigarette use on vascular function and cardiovascular health in young, healthy adults. Methods Twenty-one regular users of e-cigarettes (ECU) and twenty-one demographically matched non-users (NU) completed this study. Vascular health was assessed in the cutaneous microcirculation through different reactivity tests to evaluate overall functionality, endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDD), and endothelium-independent vasodilation (EID). Macrovascular function was assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Results Our results suggest that regular users of e-cigarettes present with premature microvascular impairment when compared to non-users. Specifically, they exhibit lower hyperemic (p = 0.003), thermal (p = 0.010), and EDD (p = 0.004) responses. No differences in EID between the groups were identified. We also identified that individuals who use e-cigarettes for longer than 3 years also present with systemic manifestations, as observed by significantly reduced macrovascular (p = 0.002) and microvascular (p ≤ 0.044) function. Conclusions Our novel data suggests that young, apparently healthy, regular users of e-cigarettes present with premature vascular dysfunction in the microcirculation when compared to non-users. We have also identified systemic vascular dysfunction affecting both the micro and macrovasculature in those young individuals who used e-cigarettes for longer than 3 years. Taken together, these findings associate regular e-cigarette use with premature vascular dysfunctions and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

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Nearly 20 000 e-liquids and 250 unique flavour descriptions: an overview of the Dutch market based on information from manufacturers

Cited by 48 publications

References 28 publications

Comprehensive overview of common e-liquid ingredients and how they can be used to predict an e-liquid’s flavour category

Comprehensive overview of common e-liquid ingredients and how they can be used to predict an e-liquid’s flavour category

E-Zigaretten – Funktionsweise, Inhaltsstoffe und die Vaping-assoziierte akute Lungenschädigung

Evidence of premature vascular dysfunction in young adults who regularly use e-cigarettes and the impact of usage length

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