Neck injury tolerance under inertial loads in side impacts

McIntosh, Andrew S.; Kallieris, Dimitrios; Fréchède, Bertrand

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.09.001

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…While these recent studies provide glimpses of anatomical/structural changes, they fail to provide relevant injury information. Of greater relevance, hepatic injury was accompanied by cadaver torso decelerations of 60g [30] while neck injury was associated with cadaver head decelerations of 112g [31]. These cadaveric studies, then, suggest varied responses to accelerations as a function of anatomic site and impact characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Severity of Impacts During Low-Speed Water Skier Falls

Lyons¹

2012

TOSMJ

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Background: Little kinematic or kinetic information is available to understand risks associated with water skier falls. The present study assessed accelerations during low-speed falls and then contrasted these data against information obtained from automotive crash tests to better delineate risk of injury. The goal was to establish baseline impact information for low-speed falls during water skiing.Methods: Twenty-seven experienced skiers were asked to deliberately make replicate forward falls at 20 miles per hour. A three-axis, electronic, waterproof accelerometer monitored either the torso or head during these maneuvers and recorded the magnitude of impacts in multiples of the force of gravity (e.g., 'g's'). Both anatomical sites were assessed for each participant. Data were averaged for the replicate runs. Using these averages, grand means were calculated for accelerations encountered along each of the three orthogonal axes measured. As well, 95% confidence intervals of these grand means were calculated. Peak accelerations were identified for each of the three orthogonal axes measured and plotted against time to estimate durations of acceleration events (impulse).Results: Grand means for torso accelerations ranged from 2.7 g's (95% CI: 1.6-3.9) to 3.6 g's (95%CI: 2.5-4.6). Grand means for head accelerations ranged from 2.5g (95%CI: 1.6-3.4) to 2.6g (95%CI: 1.4-3.8). Peak accelerations did not exceed 44 g's for any participant. The average duration of these accelerations was approximately 110 milliseconds. Conclusions:The average magnitude of accelerations during low-speed water skier falls approximates 2-4g's for either the head or torso. Based on a recent report of a 50-g threshold for brain injury, these impacts pose little risk of serious injury.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Severity of Impacts During Low-Speed Water Skier Falls

Lyons¹

2012

TOSMJ

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“…For lateral impacts or coronal head rotations, the loading environment at the cervical spine may be considered to be similar to one with an axial load applied with a very large lateral eccentricity [43][44][45][46]. Experiments of this type have shown soft tissue injuries (intervertebral disks, facet joints, anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum, and interspinous ligament), transverse process fractures, and a tear-drop fracture [33,43,[46][47][48][49][50][51]. These injuries are similar to those observed in the high lateral eccentricity group in the present study, except that lateral mass fractures were also frequently observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical spine injuries and flexibilities following axial impact with lateral eccentricity

et al. 2014

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“…Experimental studies using whole cadavers in automotive side impact of far-side belted occupants at impact velocities of 50 km/h (30 mph) produced minor injury in only two of seven tests performed (Kallieris and Schmidt) [ 133 ]. In 2007, McIntosh et al reported an analysis of data from 15 sled tests conducted in 1980s [ 134 ]. At delta-V ranging from 6.4 to 11.1 m/s, resultant neck force and moments were estimated from 1.4 to 6.4 kN and 93 to 358 Nm.…”

Section: Lateral Bending and Lateral Shearmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neck Injury Biomechanics

2014

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This chapter summarizes the research on the biomechanical responses of the neck in a form that will be useful in design of protective systems and in the development of societal strategies to reduce the number of cervical spine injuries. Neck injuries are described in detail and injury mechanisms are explained. Accidents that involve neck injuries are analyzed. Real-life neck injuries are presented and laboratory results are synthesized to provide a rational basis for understanding neck injury. In order to maintain a reasonable scope, we restrict our discussion to severe fractures -those with a high probability of spinal cord injury. Low AIS injuries, such as whiplash, sprains and strains are left to other sources.Most of what we know about catastrophic neck injury comes from two sources: clinical studies including accident reconstruction, and cadaver studies. In the last 30 years, the fi eld of biomechanics has made signifi cant gains in understanding the complex dynamics that accompany both head-impact neck injury and inertial neck injury. Cervical injury mechanisms involve a wide range of loading modes with various combinations of force and concurrent bending moment. Using the historical concepts of excessive head motion as a cause of neck injury frequently leads to paradoxical and incorrect conclusions regarding neck injury mechanism. In contrast, when the neck is viewed as a mechanical structure, whose injury is a consequence of the deformations of a segmented beam column

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Neck injury tolerance under inertial loads in side impacts

Cited by 22 publications

References 26 publications

The Severity of Impacts During Low-Speed Water Skier Falls

The Severity of Impacts During Low-Speed Water Skier Falls

Cervical spine injuries and flexibilities following axial impact with lateral eccentricity

Neck Injury Biomechanics

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