Nectandra grandiflora By-Products Obtained by Alternative Extraction Methods as a Source of Phytochemicals with Antioxidant and Antifungal Properties

Abstract

Nectandra grandiflora Nees (Lauraceae) is a Brazilian native tree recognized by its durable wood and the antioxidant compounds of its leaves. Taking into account that the forest industry offers the opportunity to recover active compounds from its residues and by-products, this study identifies and underlines the potential of natural products from Nectandra grandiflora that can add value to the forest exploitation. This study shows the effect of three different extraction methods: conventional (CE), ultrasound-assisted (UAE) and microwave-assisted (MAE) on Nectandra grandiflora leaf extracts (NGLE) chemical yields, phenolic and flavonoid composition, physical characteristics as well as antioxidant and antifungal properties. Results indicate that CE achieves the highest extraction phytochemical yield (22.16%), but with similar chemical composition to that obtained by UAE and MAE. Moreover, CE also provided a superior thermal stability of NGLE. The phenolic composition of NGLE was confirmed firstly, by colorimetric assays and infrared spectra and then by chromatographic analysis, in which quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside was detected as the major compound (57.75–65.14%). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of the NGLE was not altered by the extraction methods, finding a high radical inhibition in all NGLE (>80% at 2 mg/mL). Regarding the antifungal activity, there was observed that NGLE possess effective bioactive compounds, which inhibit the Aspergillus niger growth.

Antioxidant, Antifungal and Phytochemical Investigations of Capparis spinosa L.

“…Cg is the average concentration in the control samples and Tg is the average concentration in the treated sample [22,23].…”

Bioactive compounds contents of and antioxidant activity of Nectan-dra megapotamica (Lauraceae)

“…Ferreira et al (2018) found high activity for Nectandra cuspidata leaves with a IC50 of 6.54 ± 0.10 µg.mL -1 . In studies on Nectandra grandiflora, Silva et al (2018) observed inhibition of about 80% of the DPPH • radical. González; Mosquera (2019) recorded a IC50 of 50.63 µg.mL -1 for the Nectandra acutifolia extract by the DPPH assay, however, a higher value than that found for N. megapotamica in this study.…”

In depth investigation of the metabolism of Nectandra megapotamica chemotypes

“…amazonum [ 41 ], N . cissiflora [ 42 ], vitexin, isovitexin, and epicatechin in Nectandra cuspidata [ 43 ] and quercetin-3- O -rhamnoside in Nectandra grandiflora [ 44 ]. Thus, the other compounds of the Nectandra genus identified herein (peak 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22 and 23 ) are described for the first time, demonstrating the capacity of N .…”