“…Crowne and Marlowe (1960) saw pathological implications in some of the items in the SD scale, and they returned to the lie-scale approach for their new measure of social desirability. In addition, they played down explanations like faking and desirable responding when interpreting scores on their scale and referred instead to a "need for social approval, " which they then investigated by correlating their scale with methodologically independent, objective, life-situational or labora:"tory measures of personality (Barthel & Crowne, 1962;Crowne & Marlowe, 1960Marlowe, 1962;Marlowe & erowne, 1961;strickland & Crowne, 1962strickland & Crowne, , 1963. Milholland (1964) Bias variance might be easier to extract and pin down if one only knew how it combined with the other sources of variance to produce scores on present-day SD scales.…”