Needle and syringe sharing among Iranian drug injectors

Rafiey, Hassan; Narenjiha, Hooman; Shirinbayan, Peymaneh; Noori, Roya; Javadipour, Morteza; Roshanpajouh, Mohsen; Samiei, Mercedeh; Assari, Shervin

doi:10.1186/1477-7517-6-21

Cited by 50 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…With respect to recruitment site, in two studies, there was no difference in mean AFI between PWID recruited from community, treatment centers, and prisons (Narenjiha, et al, 2009; Narenjiha, et al, 2005), however, another study, conducted in the same city, found the AFI was considerably higher in PWID recruited from treatment centers versus those from community and Drop in Centers (DICs) (30.3. vs 24.7, p <0.001) (Rahimi-Movaghar, et al, 2008). While one study reported no difference in mean AFI between those who had shared needles and syringes and those who had not (Rafiey et al, 2009), another study (Mohammad, et al, 2008) reported a significant difference in mean AFI (shared 20.3 vs. not shared 26.4, p <0.001). Finally, only one study reported no significant difference in AFI for PWID by HCV sero-status (Zamani, Radfar, et al, 2010).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the heterogeneity of studies and reported outcomes, we did not calculate a summary mean for the length of time to transition. Four studies found that, on average, drug users were using drugs for six to seven years before their first injection (Amin-Esmaeili, et al, in Print; Rafiey, et al, 2009; Razzaghi & Rahimi-Movaghar, 2005; Samimi-Rad et al, 2012). Two studies reported that 50% of subjects had initiated injection within four years of starting drug use (Rahimi-Movaghar, et al, 2008; Vazirian, et al, 2006), and one study reported a wider range of between five to 15 years after initiation of drug use.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transition to injecting drug use in Iran: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence

Rahimi-Movaghar

Amin-Esmaeili

Shadloo

et al. 2015

International Journal of Drug Policy

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Background Injection drug use has been increasing over the past decade in Iran. This study aims to review the epidemiological and qualitative evidence on factors that facilitate or protect against transition to injection in Iran. Methods Five international (Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO), one regional (IMEMR) and three Iranian (Iranmedex, Iranpsych, IranDoc) databases were searched and key experts were contacted. Two trained researchers screened documents to identify relevant studies and independently extracted data using a pre-specified protocol. A thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data and a random effect meta-analysis model was used to determine age of first injection. Results A total of 39 documents from 31 studies met the eligibility criteria; more than 50% were conducted between 2006 and 2008. The weighted mean age of first injection was 25.8 years (95% Confidence Interval: 25.3–26.2). Overall, drug users had used drugs for 6 to 7 years before starting to inject. Heroin was the first drug of injection in the majority of cases. Factors influencing transition to injection included 1) individual (pleasure-seeking behavior and development of drug dependency), 2) social network (role of peer drug users in first injection use), and 3) environmental (the economic efficiency associated with injection and the wide availability of injectable form of drugs in the market). Conclusion Harm reduction policies in Iran have almost exclusively focused on drug injectors. However, given the extent of non-injection drug use, evidence from this study can provide insight on points of interventions for preventing transition to injection use.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transition to injecting drug use in Iran: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence

Rahimi-Movaghar

Amin-Esmaeili

Shadloo

et al. 2015

International Journal of Drug Policy

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“…This study was conducted under the financial aid of the Drugs Control Headquarters. Some other reports have been extracted from this database (6, 23–27). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inconsistent Condom Use among Iranian Male Drug Injectors

et al. 2014

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of inconsistent condom use among Iranian male injecting drug users (IDUs).Materials and Methods: Data came from the national Iranian behavioral survey of drug dependence, which sampled 7743 individuals with drug dependence, from medical centers, prisons, and streets in 29 provinces in Iran, in 2007. This study included all individuals who were male, IDUs, and were sexually active (n = 1131). The main outcome was inconsistent condom use which was assessed using a single item. A logistic regression was used to determine the association between socio-economic data, drug use data, and high risk injection behaviors with inconsistent condom use.Result: 83.3% of sexually active IDUs (n = 965) reported inconsistent condom use. Based on the logistic regression, likelihood of inconsistent condom use was higher among those with a history of syringe sharing [Odds Ratio (OR); 1.63, 95% Confidence Interval (CI); 1.13–2.34], but lower among those with higher education levels (OR; 0.34, 95% CI; 0.14–0.82), those who mostly inject at home (OR; 0.09, 95% CI; 0.02–0.47), and those with a history of treatment (OR; 0.54, 95% CI; 0.31–0.94).Conclusion: Because of the link between unsafe sex and risky injecting behaviors among Iranian IDUs, combined programs targeting both sexual and injection behavior may be more appropriate than programs that target sexual or injection behavior. The efficacy of combined programs should be, however, compared with traditional programs that only target sexual or injection behavior of IDUs.

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“…An international report indicates that the number of people who inject drugs (PWID) is approximately 180,000 in Iran (1). A rapid situation assessment (RSA) study conducted by drug control headquarter (DCHQ) showed that 18.1% out of 1.2 million drug users reported injection as their main route of drug administration; 26.5% of them had at least one injection during last year and 6.7% of them reported using needles, syringes and injecting equipment used by other drug users (3). People who inject drugs are the most HIV-infected population in Iran and contribute to approximately 67% of all identified cases of HIV infection in the country (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adding-On a Brief Skill-Based HIV Prevention Psychoeducation to Needle and Syringe Programs: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Hajebi

Naserbakht

Noroozi

2016

Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci

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Background: It is estimated that there are 180,000 people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran. To reduce HIV-related high-risk behaviours among PWID, primary needle and syringe programs (NSPs) are delivered through drop-in centres (DICs) in Iran since 2002, but there is a paucity of research on the differential effectiveness of psychosocial components of NSPs on high-risk injection and sexual behaviours of drug users.

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Needle and syringe sharing among Iranian drug injectors

Cited by 50 publications

References 36 publications

Transition to injecting drug use in Iran: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence

Transition to injecting drug use in Iran: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence

Inconsistent Condom Use among Iranian Male Drug Injectors

Adding-On a Brief Skill-Based HIV Prevention Psychoeducation to Needle and Syringe Programs: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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