“…Laser-induced underwater shock waves [1,2] are widely used in clinical medicine for various techniques, such as needle-free injection [3,4,5,6,7], lithotripsy [8,9], skull base tumor removal [10], and treatment of diseases such as femoral head osteonecrosis [11,12,13], osteochondritis dissecans [14], osteochondral lesions ( [15]), and bone marrow edema [16]. These techniques have the advantage that incisions are not necessary, and thus there is a lower risk of complications developing [17,12].…”