“…This is due to the social and cultural stigma around homosexuality, leading to discrimination and exclusion from mainstream society ( Okafor et al, 2023 ). In addition, OMSM face discrimination within the LGBTQ+ community if they do not conform to mainstream expectations around gender expression and sexuality ( Chan et al, 2023a , 2023b ; Shenkman et al, 2022 ). A multifaceted approach is required to address these challenges, involving education, policy changes, and community advocacy.…”