Negative cortical DC shifts preceding and accompanying simple and complex sequential movements

Lang, Wilfried; Zilch, Oliver; Koska, C.; Lindinger, G.; Deecke, Lüder

doi:10.1007/bf00248283

Cited by 87 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Conversely, movements by the left hand caused an increase of SPs in C4. These results were consistent with earlier studies [10,21]. Qualitatively the same and quantitatively similar effects of the side of the hand were present when subjects internally simulated the motor sequence.…”

Section: Eeg-studiessupporting

confidence: 92%

Electric and magnetic fields of the brain accompanying internal simulation of movement

Lang¹,

Cheyne

Höllinger³

et al. 1996

Cognitive Brain Research

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Methods of functional brain imaging have been used to identify brain structures which are active during internal simulation of movements (ISM). Between 1977 and 1993 it was consistently reported that the primary motor cortex (MI) is not active during ISM whereas other cortical areas, in particular the supplementary motor area (SMA) are active. ISM was assumed to be a situation of 'internal programming'. Brain systems involved in ISM or 'programming' were hypothesized to be superior to and separable from 'executive system' including MI. We have studied electric and magnetic fields of the brain when subjects internally simulated either a single movement or a sequence of movements. Results of the studies are consistent with the assumption that MI is active with ISM. Internally subjects experienced effort which was required to inhibit overt movements during ISM. A recent EEG study showed different patterns of cortical activity with ISM and with movement inhibition suggesting that different brain structures may be active during ISM and movement inhibition [23].

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Section: Eeg-studiessupporting

confidence: 92%

Electric and magnetic fields of the brain accompanying internal simulation of movement

Lang¹,

Cheyne

Höllinger³

et al. 1996

Cognitive Brain Research

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“…The first result is at variance with a number of previous stud ies (Benecke et al 1985;Kitamura et al 1993a;Simonetta etal. 1991), although there are also earlier studies that failed to find higher premovement RP amplitudes with sequential or complex movements (Lang et al 1988(Lang et al , 1989. It is noteworthy that the previously report ed effects concerned the terminal part of the RP, quanti fied by amplitude measures in the last 250 ms preceding EMG onset.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Whereas data obtained by Benecke et al (1985) and data from Simonetta etal. (1991) confirm this suggestion, Lang et al (1988; found that sim ple versus complex sequential movements and simulta neous versus sequential movements caused differential activity at the scalp only during movement execution but not before movement onset. These inconsistent findings might be interpreted as evidence that a movement being complex or sequential in nature may not be decisive for SMA involvement in movement preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

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Movement-related potentials preceding voluntary movement are modulated by the mode of movement selection

et al. 1995

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A bstract In two experiments movement-related cortical potentials preceding voluntary movement were recorded. In experiment 1, subjects performed four motor tasks in volving joystick movements. The four tasks differed in complexity (single vs sequential movements) and in the mode of movement selection, i.e., whether a movement or movement sequence was made in fixed or in self-deter mined directions. The choice of these tasks was based, firstly, on previous electrophysiological studies suggesting an effect of task-complexity on the amplitude of the readi ness potential (RP) and, secondly, on previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies showing that activity of the supplementary motor area' (SMA) is influenced by the mode of movement selection. The results show that, for single movements, RP amplitude is higher preceding freely selected movements than preceding movements in a fixed direction. In experiment 2 this effect was replicated using button presses instead of joystick movements. The results converge with PET evidence obtained in similar tasks and establish that the RP is modulated by the mode of movement selection. This modulation is probably relat ed to differential involvement of the SMA.

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“…Studies on cortical DC shifts revealed that the amplitudes of potentials in the medial frontal cortex were larger when motor tasks involved (1) sequential movements, (2) memorized motor sequence, and (3) bimanual coordination [4,11]. Subsequent studies [28,34,36] extended these observations further. Of particular interest is the finding [35] that a large DC potential shifts were recorded when subjects were tapping different rhythms bimanually.…”

Section: Sma Neurons In Organizing Temporal Sequences Of Multiple Movmentioning

confidence: 88%

Comparison of neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex

Tanji

Mushiake

1996

Cognitive Brain Research

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Neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and primary motor cortex (MI) have been compared in many experiments during performance of many different motor tasks. On one hand, the activity in both areas may appear similar, especially when the motor task is simple. On the other hand, if the motor tasks are more demanding, neuronal activity in the SMA exhibits a variety of complex relationship to many different aspects of motor behavior, while the activity in MI is mostly related to execution of motor task itself. Of particular interest is the neuronal activity in the SMA during preparation and execution of motor tasks when no external cues for the retrieval of appropriate motor act is available. Temporal sequencing of multiple movements is a typical example of the kind of motor task that requires profound activity in the SMA.Keywords: Supplementary motor area (SMA); Primary motor cortex (MI); Pre-SMA; Motor preparation; Motor sequence; Subhuman primate New concepts of motor areas in the medial frontal cortexUntil recently, only one motor representation area was known to exist in the medial part of the frontal lobe, as described in classical reports [55,80]. However, it is now proposed that at least four somatomotor fields and one oculomotor field exist in the medial frontal cortex. [65]. Traditionally, the supplementary motor area (SMA) has been defined as a single motor area in the frontal agranular cortex, corresponding to medial part of Brodmann's area 6. However, some indications for possible existence of heterogeneity in this region has been obtained [2,15,25,42]. On the basis of cytoarchitectonic analysis combined with cytochrome oxidase histochemistry and detailed ICMS studies, Rizzolatti and coworkers proposed a view that two motor areas exist in the region of the cortex traditionally defined as the SMA [41,44]. They termed the rostral and caudal areas as F6 and F3, largely corresponding to 6ab and 6aa of Vogts [78]. They also reported the existence of neuronal activity characteristic in mesial 6ab, namely, the activity during arm reaching-grasping movements [57]. Systematic attempts were made in our laboratory to determine whether it is possible to define two different areas unequivocally by a battery of physiological tests [45]. By implanting electrodes into the forelimb area of the MI, we found that field and unitary responses to electrical stimulation were distinct in the caudal part of mesial area 6, but not in the rostral part. The caudal part was distinctly more microexcitable by the ICMS than the rostral part. Neuronal responses to visual stimuli prevailed in the rostral part, but somatosensory responses were rare. The opposite was true in the caudal part [24,79]. Furthermore, single-unit activity during performance of a trained motor task was quantitatively analyzed and compared in the same individuals. Phasic responses to visual cue signals indicating the direction of forthcoming arm-reaching movement were more abundant in the rostral part. Neuronal activity changes during th...

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Negative cortical DC shifts preceding and accompanying simple and complex sequential movements

Cited by 87 publications

References 17 publications

Electric and magnetic fields of the brain accompanying internal simulation of movement

Electric and magnetic fields of the brain accompanying internal simulation of movement

Movement-related potentials preceding voluntary movement are modulated by the mode of movement selection

Comparison of neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex

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