Negative electrodes for Na-ion batteries

Abstract

Research interest in Na-ion batteries has increased rapidly because of the environmental friendliness of sodium compared to lithium. Throughout this Perspective paper, we report and review recent scientific advances in the field of negative electrode materials used for Na-ion batteries. This paper sheds light on negative electrode materials for Na-ion batteries: carbonaceous materials, oxides/phosphates (as sodium insertion materials), sodium alloy/compounds and so on. These electrode materials have different reaction mechanisms for electrochemical sodiation/desodiation processes. Moreover, not only sodiation-active materials but also binders, current collectors, electrolytes and electrode/electrolyte interphase and its stabilization are essential for long cycle life Na-ion batteries. This paper also addresses the prospect of Na-ion batteries as low-cost and long-life batteries with relatively high-energy density as their potential competitive edge over the commercialized Li-ion batteries.

Expanded graphitic materials prepared from micro- and nanometric precursors as anodes for sodium-ion batteries

“…In contrast, development in the field of anodic materials for SIBs has been somewhat more limited, especially regarding carbon-based materials [12,13], since intercalation of Na + ions is practically hampered in graphite, anode of choice in most commercial LIBs. For example, intercalation compounds of the formula NaC 64 were obtained in low current density experiments for electrochemical intercalation of Na + in graphite [14], amounting to a reversible capacity ~35 mA h g -1 , which contrasts with the stage-I graphite intercalation compound, LiC 6 , attained for Li + ions (theoretical capacity of 372 mA h g -1 ).…”

Alkali metal ion storage properties of sulphur and phosphorous molecules encapsulated in nanometer size carbon cylindrical pores

“…So far, SIB negative electrode properties of several kinds of carbon materials have been studied. Although some kinds of hard-carbons and Na alloys can adsorb and desorb sodium ions, 22,23 we should explore better anode materials to realize SIBs. Phosphorus is also expected as alternative electrode materials because of its high theoretical capacity (2596 mAh/g) and relatively low volume expansion when adsorbing sodium ions.…”

“…However, new energy source with higher capacity and better rate performance is required because LIBs are not good enough for larger and higher power machines such as electric vehicles. Recently, metal-air, [11][12][13][14] lithium-sulfur (LIS), [15][16][17][18][19][20] sodium-ion [21][22][23][24][25] batteries and others [26][27][28][29] have been attracting much attention as post-LIB energy devices.…”

Na2CoPO4F as a High-voltage Electrode Material for Na-ion Batteries

“…Furthermore, the Na-ion batteries would be potentially advantageous for high-power use because the charge transfer of Na + is often confirmed to be faster than that of Li + due to weaker Lewis acidity and solvation for Na + ions. [1][2][3][4][5] In the past several years, various intercalation materials for the Na-ion batteries have been extensively investigated. [6][7][8][9][10] Especially, electrode performance of layered sodium transition metal oxides, which was originally studied as positive electrode materials for Na batteries in 1980s, have been significantly improved by the latest battery technology developed in the Li-ion battery system during the past three decades.…”