Negative Interdependence and Prejudice: Whence the Affect?

Ruscher, Janet B.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-088579-7.50015-6

Cited by 126 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Anxiety is a likely causal candidate, as it has been linked to ingroup-out-group effects in prior work. Intergroup anxiety leads stereotyped individuals to resist contact with out-group members (Fiske and Ruscher 1993). Stephan and Stephan (1985) concluded that the anxiety that people experience with out-group members stems from concerns about negative evaluations and fear of being harmed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, anxiety increases the attractiveness of low-risk and secure options (e.g., cars known for being safe), whereas sadness does not (Raghunathan, Pham, and Corfman 2006). Second, anxiety makes people shun interactions with out-group members (Fiske and Ruscher 1993), whereas anger induces approach motivation and aggressiveness toward out-group members Plant and Butz 2006). Conceptually, anxiety is distinct from sadness and anger because anxiety is based on fear, which is a distinctly separate emotion from sadness and anger among core emotions (Blumberg and Izard 1986).…”

Section: Stereotype Threat In Consumption Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stereotype Threat in the Marketplace: Consumer Anxiety and Purchase Intentions

Lee¹,

Kim²,

Vohs³

2011

J Consum Res

122

134

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How do consumers react when they believe that a transaction partner will view them through the lens of a stereotype? We predicted and found that being aware of a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs (e.g., gender) made consumers sensitive to whether service providers were in-group versus out-group members and lowered purchase intentions when the provider was an out-group member. We observed stereotype threat effects across diverse marketplace settings: financial services (experiment 1), automobile repairs (experiment 2), and automobile purchases (experiment 3). Furthermore, we found that reluctance to purchase from out-group (vs. in-group) members was caused by heightened anxiety. The presence of a soothing scent, as a situational factor to alleviate anxiety, mitigated stereotype threat effects on marketplace decisions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stereotype Threat In Consumption Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotype Threat in the Marketplace: Consumer Anxiety and Purchase Intentions

Lee¹,

Kim²,

Vohs³

2011

J Consum Res

122

134

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Beyond mere group membership, one key amplifier of intergroup bias is the perception of a zero-sum relationship between the respective groups' goals (Fiske & Ruscher, 1993; see also Struch & Schwartz, 1989). Even in the absence of actual competition, the mere perception of groups as competitive engenders negative emotions toward them (Fiske et al, 2002).…”

Section: The Role Of Functional Relations In Intergroup Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neuroscience of Intergroup Relations

Cikara

Bavel

2014

Perspect Psychol Sci

288

235

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We review emerging research on the psychological and biological factors that underlie social group formation, cooperation, and conflict in humans. Our aim is to integrate the intergroup neuroscience literature with classic theories of group processes and intergroup relations in an effort to move beyond merely describing the effects of specific social out-groups on the brain and behavior. Instead, we emphasize the underlying psychological processes that govern intergroup interactions more generally: forming and updating our representations of "us" and "them" via social identification and functional relations between groups. This approach highlights the dynamic nature of social identity and the context dependent nature of intergroup relations. We argue that this theoretical integration can help reconcile seemingly discrepant findings in the literature, provide organizational principles for understanding the core elements of intergroup dynamics, and highlight several exciting directions for future research at the interface of intergroup relations and neuroscience. (146 words)The neuroscience of intergroup relations 3The neuroscience of intergroup relations: An integrative reviewThe human brain is "truly social", which is to say specialized for group living (Caporeal, 1997;Dunbar, 1998). People who accurately identify, value, and cooperate with in-group members enjoy numerous benefits, including the fulfillment of many basic psychological needs (Allport, 1954;Correll & Park, 2005;Kurzban & Neuberg, 2005;Wilson & Wilson, 2007). The value humans place on group membership is illustrated by the ease with which humans form groups and favor in-group members. The propensity to prefer one's in-group has been observed in every culture on earth (Brown, 1991) and in children as young as five (Dunham et al., 2011;Fehr, Bernhard, & Rockenbach, 2008). Extensive research has shown that even arbitrary assignment to a group elicits preferences for in-group relative to out-group members across a wide variety of indices, and does so in the absence of factors typically thought to account for intergroup discrimination, such as prior contact with in-group or out-group members and competition over resources (Tajfel, 1970).The functional benefits of group membership notwithstanding, group life is also a source of social strife and destruction (e.g., pressure to conform within groups, protracted conflict between groups; Brewer, 1999;Cosmides, 1989;Hewstone et al., 2002;Neuberg & Cottrell, 2006). Intergroup conflict, in particular, has been described as "one of the greatest problems facing the world today" (Cohen & Insko, 2008). For example, it has been estimated that over 200 million people were killed in the last century due to genocide, war, and other forms of group conflict (Woolf & Hulsizer, 2004). The social and economic obstacles of group living have attracted the attention of scholars and scientists from social, developmental, evolutionary, and cognitive psychology, social neuroscience, biological and cultural anthropology,...

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“…Therefore, stigmatized groups may be viewed as out-groups. Research has shown that there is inherent competition between groups resulting in a distrust of the out-group and a need to protect the in-group (Brewer, 2001;Fiske & Ruscher, 1993;Insko, Schopler, Hoyle, Dardis, & Graetz, 1990) Therefore, the stigma of AIDS likely creates an outgroup that diminishes trust even though a logical connection between having AIDS and untrustworthiness is not present. The added factor of homosexual identity likely further contributes to the outgroup status, especially among homophobic individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How the Negative Stigma Associated with AIDS Affects Sufferers’

Rice

Sandry

Richardson

2011

RES

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Trust is foundational for social and healthcare relationships. Stigma associated with AIDS may affect evaluations of trustworthiness in AIDS sufferers. Participants evaluated the trustworthiness of someone described as being honest, dishonest, or having AIDS. The individual described as having AIDS was judged as untrustworthy as the individual described as being dishonest. In a follow-up experiment, the individual was described as being honest, dishonest, contracting AIDS via heterosexual sex, via male-to-male sexual intercourse, or via a blood transfusion. Someone contracting AIDS from male-to-male sexual intercourse was judged as untrustworthy as a dishonest person and more untrustworthy than individuals in the other conditions.

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Negative Interdependence and Prejudice: Whence the Affect?

Cited by 126 publications

References 49 publications

Stereotype Threat in the Marketplace: Consumer Anxiety and Purchase Intentions

Stereotype Threat in the Marketplace: Consumer Anxiety and Purchase Intentions

The Neuroscience of Intergroup Relations

How the Negative Stigma Associated with AIDS Affects Sufferers’

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