Negative ions and behavior: Impact on mood, memory, and aggression among Type A and Type B persons.

Baron, Robert A.; Russell, Gordon; Arms, Robert L.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.3.746

Cited by 42 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Fifteen studies on activation, anxiety, and mood examined the effects of negative air ions only [5,9,10,12,14,18,26,28-35]. Tom et al [34] utilized a double-blind randomized controlled study to determine the impact of negative air ions on mood in 56 adults (age range: 17–61; mean age: 23).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air ions and mood outcomes: a review and meta-analysis

2013

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BackgroundPsychological effects of air ions have been reported for more than 80 years in the media and scientific literature. This study summarizes a qualitative literature review and quantitative meta-analysis, where applicable, that examines the potential effects of exposure to negative and positive air ions on psychological measures of mood and emotional state.MethodsA structured literature review was conducted to identify human experimental studies published through August, 2012. Thirty-three studies (1957–2012) evaluating the effects of air ionization on depression, anxiety, mood states, and subjective feelings of mental well-being in humans were included. Five studies on negative ionization and depression (measured using a structured interview guide) were evaluated by level of exposure intensity (high vs. low) using meta-analysis.ResultsConsistent ionization effects were not observed for anxiety, mood, relaxation/sleep, and personal comfort. In contrast, meta-analysis results showed that negative ionization, overall, was significantly associated with lower depression ratings, with a stronger association observed at high levels of negative ion exposure (mean summary effect and 95% confidence interval (CI) following high- and low-density exposure: 14.28 (95% CI: 12.93-15.62) and 7.23 (95% CI: 2.62-11.83), respectively). The response to high-density ionization was observed in patients with seasonal or chronic depression, but an effect of low-density ionization was observed only in patients with seasonal depression. However, no relationship between the duration or frequency of ionization treatment on depression ratings was evident.ConclusionsNo consistent influence of positive or negative air ionization on anxiety, mood, relaxation, sleep, and personal comfort measures was observed. Negative air ionization was associated with lower depression scores particularly at the highest exposure level. Future research is needed to evaluate the biological plausibility of this association.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air ions and mood outcomes: a review and meta-analysis

2013

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“…Although, conceptually, Type A individuals who are provoked should engage in more aggressive behavior than Type B individuals, the available empirical findings are mixed. Two studies have found that Type A individuals were no more aggressive in their behavior than Type B individuals under provoking conditions (Baron, Russell, & Arms, 1985;Holmes & Will, 1985). Another study showed that Type A individuals behaved more aggressively than Type B individuals under both neutral and provoking conditions (Check & Dyck, 1986).…”

Section: Type a Personalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality and aggressive behavior under provoking and neutral conditions: A meta-analytic review.

Bettencourt

Talley

Benjamin

et al. 2006

Psychological Bulletin

552

432

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The authors conducted a comprehensive review to understand the relation between personality and aggressive behavior, under provoking and nonprovoking conditions. The qualitative review revealed that some personality variables influenced aggressive behavior under both neutral and provocation conditions, whereas others influenced aggressive behavior only under provocation. Studies that assessed personality variables and that directly measured aggressive behavior were included in the quantitative review. Analyses revealed that trait aggressiveness and trait irritability influenced aggressive behavior under both provoking and neutral conditions but that other personality variables (e.g., trait anger, Type A personality, dissipation-rumination) influenced aggressive behavior only under provoking conditions. The authors discuss possible relations between these patterns of aggressive behavior and the personality dimensions of Agreeableness and Neuroticism and consider implications for theories of aggression.Keywords: aggressive behavior, personality traits, Agreeableness, NeuroticismWith a few notable exceptions (e.g., Freud, 1929Freud, /1962, early theorizing and research on aggressive behavior focused on the effects of situational factors (e.g., Bandura, 1973;Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, & Sears, 1939). Empirical studies and metaanalytic reviews have shown that the presence of violent cues (e.g.,

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“…The effects that have been studied include physiological indices like: temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate ( Yaglou et al, 1933;Herrington, 1935;Herrington and Kuh, 1938;Erban, 1959;Minkh, 1961;Albrechtsen et al, 1978), as well as a variety of cognitive and performance variables including alertness and vigilance (Chiles et al, 1960;McDonald et al, 1967;Albrechtsen et al, 1978;Brown and Kirk, 1987 ); and reaction time (Slote, 1961 ;Halcomb and Kirk, 1965;Hawkins and Barker, 1978;Tom et al, 1981). In addition, quite a few studies focused on possible effects of air ions on mood or emotional variables (Yaglou, 1961;Sigel, 1979;Chany and Hawkinshire, 1981;Hawkins, 1981;Baron et al, 1985;Deleanu and Stamatiu, 1985;Giannini et al, 1986;Hedge and Collis, 1987). During or following these exposures, which have lasted fiom minutes to days, the above variables were evaluated.…”

Section: Mood and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

HVDC power transmission environmental issues review

Bailey¹,

Weil²,

Stewart³

1997

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Thii report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to the public from the National Technical Information Servii, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22 16 1.This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nof any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal l i b i l i i or responsibili for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disdosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER IntroductionEnvironmental issues are addressed in the permitting process of every transmission line project, whether it be a new line or an upgrade of an existing line. In recent years, the most controversial issue associated with alternating current lines is the potential effects of electromagnetic fields on human health. However, environmental effects on animals, plant life and other electrical and communication systems also must be assessed in every case. Although different from ac lines, high voltage direct current (HVDC) lines also produce environmental effects that warrant review and assessment in every project. This report strives to define the various environmental effects associated with HVDC lines, discusses the current knowledge of their potential effects on biological and non-biological systems, and compares these effects associated with ac lines where appropriate. The Environment Near an Electric Power LineThe electrical environment of a high voltage transmission line can be characterized by three electrical parameters: 1) the electric field, 2) the air ion and charged aerosol concentration, and 3) the magnetic field. The electric field arises from both the electric charge on the conductors and for an HVDC transmission l i e , charges on air ions and aerosols surrounding the conductor.In addition, corona may also produce low levels of ozone, audible noise, electric field and radio interference. A magnetic field is produced by current flowing through the conductors. Summary of Key FindingsIons. Neither the animal nor human studies provide any reliable evidence for the proposition that air ions produce any harmful effects. In fact, there is considerable uncertainty as to whether there are any biological responses to air ions. At the levels produced by HVDC transmission lines, the possibility of risk to human health appears remote, if not vanishingly small. There are no published guidelines for maximum ex...

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Negative ions and behavior: Impact on mood, memory, and aggression among Type A and Type B persons.

Cited by 42 publications

References 27 publications

Air ions and mood outcomes: a review and meta-analysis

Air ions and mood outcomes: a review and meta-analysis

Personality and aggressive behavior under provoking and neutral conditions: A meta-analytic review.

HVDC power transmission environmental issues review

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