Negative priming depends on prime-probe similarity: Evidence for episodic retrieval

Fox, Elaine; Fockert, Jan W. de

doi:10.3758/bf03209464

Cited by 85 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Therefore, increased negative priming in the same-color condition may have been due to the greater similarity between prime distractors and probe targets in the same-color relative to the differentcolor prime displays. Two recent studies support this possibility by showing that when prime and probe displays are matched in terms of target-distractor onsets (Neill, 1997) or contrast intensities (Fox & de Fockert, 1998), greater negative priming is produced than when prime and probe displays are mismatched. It should be noted, however,that Fox and de Fockert (unpublished data) failed to find evidence that color matching across prime and probe displays influenced negative priming.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The present study was not designed to distinguish between selective inhibition and episodic-retrieval-based . accounts of negative priming, and the results can be interpreted from either perspective (see Fox, 1995a;Fox & de Fockert, 1998;May et aI., 1995;NeilI, 1997;NeilI & Valdes, 1996;Tipper & Milliken, 1996, for further discussion ofretrieval-and inhibition-based accounts ofnegative priming). A related issue concerns the nature of the relationship between measures of response competition and negative priming.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a previously ignored item is retrieved and now must be selected, the mismatch between the object's previous (irrelevant) and current (relevant) status causes a delay in responding. A prediction of this memory-based account is that greater similarity between prime and probe displays should result in a greater magnitude of negative priming (see Fox & de Fockert, 1998, NeilI, 1997. Recall that in the present color experiments (Experiments 1-3B), all probe displays presented target and distractor items in the same color.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceptual grouping and visual selective attention

Fox

1998

Perception & Psychophysics

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceptual grouping and visual selective attention

Fox

1998

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…More critically, no negative priming was evident in either the latency data (3 msec) or the accuracy data for the far-precued group. 3 Could the disappearance of negative priming in the farprecued group have been linked to the low contextual similarity between the prime and the probe displays (Fox & de Fockert, 1998;Neill, 1997;Neill & Mathis, 1998)? Recall that for the far-precued group, attentional precuing and far flankers were used on the prime trials, whereas the probe trials were always uncued and used near flankers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eliminating flanker effects and negative priming in the flankers task: Evidence for early selection

Paquet

2001

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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One lasting controversy in attention concerns whether or not unattended stimuli are identified. The late selection view assumes that unattended stimuli receive full analysis leading to identification (van der Heijden, 1992). In contrast, the early selection view proposes that unattended stimuli receive a coarse analysis that does not include identification (Broadbent, 1982). The "flankers task" of Eriksen and Eriksen (1974) has frequently been used to investigate this issue. The subject sees a linear array of letters and decides whether, say, H or I has appeared in the center of the array (target). Flankers on either side of the target must be ignored. The flankers are either compatible (HHH) or incompatible (IHI) with the target. Typically, subjects are slower under the incompatible than under the compatible condition. On the basis of this finding, it has often been stated that unattended flankers are processed to the point of identification.Alternatively, Yantis and Johnston (1990) argued that flanker effects could be the product of attentional leakage to the flanker location. They used uncrowded (3.2º centerto-center separation between items) circular arrays, and they predirected attention to the target with a 100% valid exogenous precue. Although residual flanker effects were found for flankers adjacent to the target, no flanker effect was apparent for flankers located farther away from the target. Similarly, Paquet and Craig (1997) reported flanker effects for near (.3º) but not for far flankers (5º away from the target). These converging results suggest that flanker identification may not occur when the possibility of attentional leakage to the flanker location is reduced.In contrast with the preceding interpretation, Driver and Tipper (1989) pointed out that null flanker effects do not necessarily reflect a lack of identification. In their experiment, two circular alphanumeric arrays were presented in rapid succession, and subjects had to report, for each array, the number of red items (target) and to ignore the black items (flankers). The first array was referred to as the prime and the second was termed the probe. For the prime displays, flanker identification was inferred by examining whether or not performance was affected by the identity relationship between the digit flankers and the number of red items. In addition, a second index of prime flanker identification (labeled negative priming) was provided by varying the identity of the prime flankers in relation to the probe target. More specifically, the prime flankers and the probe target were identical in an ignored repetition condition, whereas in a control condition, the probe target had not appeared in the prime display. The key result was that although prime display performance was unaffected by prime flankers, negative priming was obtained for the probe trials (i.e., latency was longer in the ignored repetition than in the control condition). The investigators concluded that unattended flankers are identified but that flanker effects are avoide...

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“…MacDonald et al (1999) have reported a similar result in their studies of a novel negative priming task in which subjects had to compare the target and distractor on each trial (i.e., not ignoring either item on either the prime trial or the probe trial). Moreover, Fox and de Fockert (1998) have presented evidence that negative priming is largest when the prime and the probe displays are the most similar (see also Neill, 1997).…”

Section: Discussion the Color Cue Theoretical Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

The crucial roles of stimulus matching and stimulus identity in negative priming

MacLeod

Chiappe

Fox

2002

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Negative priming refers to the situation in which an ignored item on an initial prime trial suffers slowed responding when it becomes the target item on a subsequent probe trial. In this experiment (and a replication), we demonstrate two ways in which stimulus consistency (matching) governs negative priming. First, negative priming for identical words occurred only when the prime distractor changed color when it became the probe target (i.e., constant cue to read the red word); negative priming disappeared when the prime distractor retained its color as the probe target (i.e., cue switches from read the red prime word to read the white probe word). Second, negative priming occurred for identical words, but not for semantically related words, whether related categorically or associatively. This pattern of results is consistent with a memory retrieval account, but not with an inhibition account of negative priming, and casts doubt on whether there is semantic negative priming for words.

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Negative priming depends on prime-probe similarity: Evidence for episodic retrieval

Cited by 85 publications

References 26 publications

Perceptual grouping and visual selective attention

Perceptual grouping and visual selective attention

Eliminating flanker effects and negative priming in the flankers task: Evidence for early selection

The crucial roles of stimulus matching and stimulus identity in negative priming

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