Negotiating Gender Relations: Muslim Women and Formal Employment in Pakistan's Rural Development Sector

Grünenfelder, Julia

doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2012.00609.x

Cited by 38 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…When we came to recruitment, there was no workforce to start production… For the initial six months we had no-one. This reluctance was insufficiently anticipated by many factory owners and managers who assumed that economic necessity would provide an adequate incentive (Grünenfelder, 2013). Faced with resistance from women, manufacturers endeavored to present more positive images of factory work.…”

Section: Formalization and Feminization Of The Work Regimementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of intermediaries in governance of global production networks: Restructuring work relations in Pakistan’s apparel industry

et al. 2017

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This article locates the reorganization of work relations in the apparel sector in Pakistan, after the end of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) quota regime, within the context of a global production network (GPN). We examine the role of a network of corporate, state, multilateral and civil society actors who serve as intermediaries in GPN governance. These intermediaries transmit and translate competitive pressures and invoke varied, sometimes contradictory, imaginaries in their efforts to realign and stabilize the GPN. We analyse the post-MFA restructuring of Pakistan’s apparel sector, which dramatically increased price competition and precipitated a contested adjustment process among Pakistani and global actors with divergent priorities and resources. These intermediaries converged on a ‘solution’ that combined and enacted imaginaries of modernization, competitiveness, professional management and female empowerment, while also emphasizing low costs and female docility. We highlight the intersection of economic, political and cultural dynamics of GPNs, and reveal the gendered dimensions of GPN restructuring. We theorize the role of these actors as a transnational managerial elite in GPN governance, who led a restructuring process that preserved the hegemonic stability of the GPN and protected the interests of western branded apparel companies and consumers, but did not necessarily serve the interests of workers.

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Section: Formalization and Feminization Of The Work Regimementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of intermediaries in governance of global production networks: Restructuring work relations in Pakistan’s apparel industry

et al. 2017

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“…These NGOs have a poor reputation in Pakistan (Grünenfelder 2013); they are frequently criticized on ideological grounds for being 'agents of the West', as advancing anti-Muslim interests, for not delivering what they promise and for being institutions of personal enrichment with individual leaders profiting (Bano 2008). This can be seen as being in direct conflict with the ideals of simplicity and selfsacrifice held high by the Muslim NGOs.…”

Section: Cognitive Legitimacy: Natural Managers Of Alms and Aidmentioning

confidence: 99%

NGOization of Islamic Charity: Claiming Legitimacy in Changing Institutional Contexts

Borchgrevink

2017

Voluntas

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Islamic welfare organizations are currently going through processes of 'NGOization'. Drawing on qualitative data from Pakistan, Norway and the UK (2012)(2013)(2014)(2015), this article examines how two Islamic welfare organizations which are embedded in Islamic political movements, become 'Muslim NGOs'. The NGOization of Islamic charity signifies not only a change in organizational structure and legal status, but also more profound changes in organizational discourse and practice, and in the ways the organizations make claims to legitimacy. To claim legitimacy as providers of aid in changing institutional environments, the organizations draw on both religious and professional sources of authority. By analysing the NGOization of Islamic charity, the paper brings out the importance of normative frameworks in shaping organizational legitimacy and sheds light on the continued significance of both moral and transcendental aspects of the discourses, practices and identities of Muslim NGOs.Résumé Les organisations de protection sociale islamiques sont actuellement soumises à des processus de transformation dans le but d'en faire des ONG. Inspiré de données qualitatives du Pakistan, de la Norvège et du Royaume-Uni (2012-2015, le présent article étudie la façon dont deux organisations de protection sociale islamiques intégrées à des mouvements politiques deviennent des « ONG musulmanes » . La transformation du contexte de bienfaisance islamique signifie non seulement la modification de la structure et de l'état juridique des organisations, mais aussi des changements beaucoup plus profonds des discours et pratiques organisationnels, ainsi que des façons dont les organisations affirment leur légiti-mité. Pour affirmer leur légitimité en tant que prestataires d'aide dans des

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“…However, there is evidence of women's resilience and agency in response to such barriers. Grünenfelder's (2012) study of female employees in Pakistan's rural development sector shows that these women are exposed to different expectations about their gender behaviour and that they therefore develop physical strategies on the one hand and discursive strategies on the other in order to negotiate gender relations in a way that allows them to engage in formal employment.…”

Section: Context: Pakistani Women and Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual emotional labor: an exploratory of Muslim female employees in Pakistan

Syed

Ali

2013

Gender in Management: An International Journal

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If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services. AbstractPurpose -The aim of this paper is to examine contextual emotional labor, which is a long-term emotional experience in response to conflicting demands of societal and organizational contexts. Design/methodology/approach -Drawing on qualitative interviews with Muslim female employees in two textile firms in Lahore, Pakistan, the paper explores the nature and extent of contextual emotional labor associated with these women's decision to step into "the male domain". Findings -The study identifies contextual emotional labor as an integral part of Muslim female employees' work in the formal employment sector resulting from an ongoing tension between the display rules of the workplace and Islamic female modesty. Research limitations/implications -Scholars may wish to investigate the nature and form of contextual emotional labor in diverse geographic, cultural and religious contexts in order to refine the findings and theoretical implications of this study. Practical implications -Organizations may consider placing Muslim women in those roles in which there is lesser likelihood of conflict between their organizational and societal display rules, while not compromising their career. On a societal level, policy makers and religious scholars may consider findings ways to promote an enlightened interpretation of religious principles and their gender egalitarian practices to alleviate the contextual emotional labor experiences by female employees and other relevant groups. Originality/value -The paper offers original empirical research on an under-explored topic and geographical area.

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Negotiating Gender Relations: Muslim Women and Formal Employment in Pakistan's Rural Development Sector

Cited by 38 publications

References 57 publications

The role of intermediaries in governance of global production networks: Restructuring work relations in Pakistan’s apparel industry

The role of intermediaries in governance of global production networks: Restructuring work relations in Pakistan’s apparel industry

NGOization of Islamic Charity: Claiming Legitimacy in Changing Institutional Contexts

Contextual emotional labor: an exploratory of Muslim female employees in Pakistan

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