Neighborhood design and sense of community: Comparing suburban neighborhoods in Houston Texas

Gated-Communities in South Africa’s Urban Areas 20 Years into Democracy: Old Wine in Newly Designed Bottles?

“…These actions resulted in most public spaces being sectioned-off and only accessible to the few, especially the residents of the gated-community settlements (Landman, 2004;Ramoroka, 2013aRamoroka, , 2013cKovács & Heged s, 2014;G decki, 2014). Then new residential areas were erected behind the high walls and fences together with the installation of sophisticated security measures (Rogers & Sukolratanametee, 2009;Tanulku, 2012;Almatarneh, 2013;Hapsariniaty et al, 2013;Pacione, 2013;Güzey, 2014). The walls and fences are there to make sure that the undesirable elements cannot gain access into the settlements without permission (Borsdorf & Hidalgo, 2008;Tanulku, 2012;Pacione, 2013;Ramoroka, 2013aRamoroka, , 2013cG decki, 2014).…”

“…The walls and fences are there to make sure that the undesirable elements cannot gain access into the settlements without permission (Borsdorf & Hidalgo, 2008;Tanulku, 2012;Pacione, 2013;Ramoroka, 2013aRamoroka, , 2013cG decki, 2014). However, there are residential areas surrounded by walls or fences with an open-gate and sometimes without security guards or booms (Rogers & Sukolratanametee, 2009;Almatarneh, 2013;Ramoroka, 2013aRamoroka, , 2013cGüzey, 2014). Even in these places, people respect that there is a boundary which they should not pass without permission (Leisch, 2002;Ramoroka, 2013aRamoroka, , 2013c.…”

“…The gated-community settlements are the results of class arrangements as opposed to race. Although conceived differently, the motive underlying the latest gated-communities is commonly "security concerns" (Leisch, 2002;Borsdorf & Hidalgo, 2008;Rogers & Sukolratanametee, 2009;Kotus & Hlawka, 2010;Hapsariniaty et al, 2013;Ramoroka, 2013aRamoroka, , 2013cKovács & Heged s, 2014;G decki, 2014). Security has always been the primary concern even in the past urban settlement planning however, the current gated community settlement planning has invoked it in an apparently less emotive and politically-inclined context (Donaldson & Kotze, 2006;Tanulku, 2012;Pacione, 2013;Smigiel, 2014).…”

“…The rise of privatizing security has adverse effects on the state's capacity to perform its core functions in this regard (Bénit-Gbaffou, 2008). Thus, democracy is accompanied by new challenges which are informing the form of security provisions in the country (Bénit-Gbaffou, 2008;Borsdorf & Hidalgo, 2008;Rogers & Sukolratanametee, 2009;Kotus & Hlawka, 2010;Samara, 2010;Paasche, 2013). The current provision of security results in the participation of non-state actors which perpetuates highly unequal security systems that encourages socio-economic exclusions within South Africa's urban areas (Bénit-Gbaffou, 2008;Zimmerman, 2014).…”

Diversified Housing Developments for Socio-Economic Integration in South Africa’s Urban Human Settlements

“…• In most cases, diversity promotes good city and town planning, design and management (Mabin & Smith, 1997;Montgomery, 1998;Hall, 2002;Bailey et al, 2006;Talen, 2006;Jacobs & Appleyard, 2007;Rogers & Sukolratanametee, 2009;Watson, 2009;Garba, 2012;Musakwa & Van Niekerk, 2013). In order to achieve diversity within urban housing developments, planning, design and management play a major role.…”