“…To enhance this feature, a second generation of epigenetic clocks was developed; these incorporated health biomarkers and phenotypes alongside chronological age in the model. Increasing numbers of studies are now considering how social determinants of health might impact epigenetic ageing, with evidence indicating positive associations between accelerated epigenetic aging and social adversity measured in relation to: socioeconomic position (George et al, 2021), education (Fiorito et al, 2019), neighbourhood characteristics (Martin et al, 2021, Lawrence et al, 2020, Simons et al, 2021, and racial discrimination (Simons et al, 2021).…”