Neighborhood racial composition, income, and distance to grocery retailers in Seattle

Ware, Brandon O.; Amin, Modhurima D.; Jessup, Eric; McCluskey, Jill J.

doi:10.1017/age.2021.23

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…Much of the equity-focused literature on food availability has concentrated on the properties of vendors and the types of foods sold (101,102). In HICs, this has mostly focused on mapping the number of supermarkets, fast food outlets, corner stores, and other outlets that are available within a given distance of one's home, school, or other location (23,(102)(103)(104)(105)(106)(107)(108). This has led to the identification of 'food deserts' to describe areas with limited availability of grocery stores selling nutritious foods and 'food swamps' to denote a high number of convenience stores and fast-food outlets (91, 96,109).…”

Section: Food Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequity in access to healthy foods

Schneider¹,

Bellows²,

Downs³

et al. 2023

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The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) is a Swiss-based foundation launched at the UN in 2002 to tackle the human suffering caused by malnutrition. Working with governments, businesses and civil society, we aim to transform food systems so that they deliver more nutritious food for all people, especially the most vulnerable. ABOUT FSECThe Food System Economics Commission (FSEC) is an independent academic commission set up to analyse the economics of a sustainable food system transformation and to identify a feasible agenda for implementing positive change. Our goal is to present lessons and feasible options for economic decisionmakers on what needs to be done to ensure a more inclusive, healthier, and nature-positive future for our food systems, by drawing on the best scientific analysis from economics and across the social sciences.

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Section: Food Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequity in access to healthy foods

Schneider¹,

Bellows²,

Downs³

et al. 2023

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show abstract

“…The racial characteristics of areas have been found to influence the location of food stores in the United States. Specifically, Morland et al (2002) show that the location of food stores and food service places are associated with the racial characteristics of census tracts and Ware et al (2021) show that residents in primarily Hispanic census tracts may face longer travel times to food retailers. Therefore, we include the share of black and Hispanic populations.…”

Section: Data and Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food retail profits, competition, and the Great Recession

Cleary

Chenarides

2022

Agribusiness

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We investigate the competitive effects of entry in the food retail sector in nonmetropolitan counties in the United States from 1998 to 2014. We pay particular attention to the period that covers the Great Recession, which disrupted market structure across a number of industries.Using a county-level panel dataset, we use a seminal entry model to infer the local competitive effects of entry in the food retail sector. We estimate entry thresholds over time, which we then use to describe the rate of decline in profit margins following subsequent entry via entry threshold ratios. We find that food retail firms required a smaller market size to break even during the Great Recession, perhaps pointing to higher profits, as consumers shifted purchases to food-at-home. This effect is shortlived for all but a single firm. The market threshold required to support a single food retail firm remains low throughout the post-recession recovery period. We also find that the second firm may not decrease profit margins, but that competition increases meaningfully with the third and fourth entrants. The increased competition during the Great Recession also appears to have persisted into the recovery period. [EconLit Citations: L18; Q18].

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“…Ware et.al (Ware et al, 2021) analyzed whether and to what extent the racial/ethnic composition and the food-assistance status of residents within Seattle, Washington, explain the travel distance and travel time from specific census tracts to the closest full-service grocery store. In contrast to the findings of studies conducted in other metropolitan cities, Seattle, Washington has few food deserts.…”

Section: Food Access In Inner-citymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition access, income, and race

McCluskey

2022

American J Agri Economics

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It is well documented there are significant health problems that come from consumers not eating healthful diets and the resulting obesity. It is also well documented that obesity is negatively correlated with income, and this negative correlation is becoming stronger over time (Bentley et al., 2018). In other words, the poor are, on average, getting fatter and suffering from the associated health consequences.In this article, I consider the relationship between the retail-food environment and food choice. Many factors, including taste preferences, culture, variety, and affordability of healthful food alternatives affect healthful food choices (Ver Ploeg & Wilde, 2018). Drewnowski and Barratt-Fornell (2004) argue that consumers are often aware of the difference between healthful and unhealthful foods, and would prefer healthful foods if prices were the same. Grocery retailers can be a resource that provide healthful food options. Thus, an open question is to what extent do low-income consumers have access to a retail food environment that provides a broad collection of affordable foods that constitute a healthful diet.Further, household incomes differ across racial groups. According to U.S. Census data (Creamer, 2020), Asian American and non-Hispanic white consumers have had the highest incomes across racial groups for decades. These groups also have the lowest rates of poverty. The 2019 poverty rate is 7.3% for both Asian Americans and non-Hispanic whites. This means that 7.3% of Asian Americans and 7.3% of non-Hispanic white households had incomes below the poverty line in 2019. Among Black consumers, the poverty rate of 18.8% in 2019 was the lowest rate observed since poverty estimates were first produced for this group for 1959. The previous low for this group was 20.8% in 2018. Poverty rates in 2019 were also the lowest ever observed for Hispanics (15.7%). Poverty statistics for Hispanics date back to 1972. Because some racial and/or ethnic groups include households that persistently have less income for many generations (Chetty et al., 2014), we make the case that poor and minority consumers may have less access to healthful food retailers.Limited access to supermarkets, supercenters, grocery stores, or other sources of healthy and affordable food may make it difficult for some people to eat a healthful diet (USDA, 2021). Thus, I define food retailers such as grocery supercenters and full-line grocery retailers associated with a national or regional grocery chain or an independent full-service grocery store to be "healthful

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Neighborhood racial composition, income, and distance to grocery retailers in Seattle

Cited by 4 publications

References 44 publications

Inequity in access to healthy foods

Inequity in access to healthy foods

Food retail profits, competition, and the Great Recession

Nutrition access, income, and race

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