Neighboring adipocytes participate in the bone marrow microenvironment of multiple myeloma cells

Risk Factors for Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses

“…67 Regarding the spectrum of lifestyle parameters, both overweight and obesity correlated with increased MM incidence and mortality 51 ; the underlying explanations may involve modified IGF-1, 68 adiponectin, 69 inflammatory cytokine 70 levels, or adipocyteebone marrow cell interactions. 71 On the other hand, smoking 42 and physical activity 36 were not significantly associated with MM risk. The potential protective effects of alcohol consumption on MM risk 61 have been attributed to its immunomodulatory effects [72][73][74] or its inhibition through ethanol on the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling.…”

Adipocytes contribute to the growth and progression of multiple myeloma: Unraveling obesity related differences in adipocyte signaling

“…This change in the secretion of inflammatory, adipokine and hormonal factors can directly impact disease progression within MM. Numerous reports have shown that obesity is positively correlated with leptin expression, and adipocytes, partially through their expression of soluble leptin, contribute to MM pathogenesis [27,28]. However, whether BMI affects the degree to which adipocytes influence MM cancer growth and progression is unknown.…”

Competition between clonal plasma cells and normal cells for potentially overlapping bone marrow niches is associated with a progressively altered cellular distribution in MGUS vs myeloma

“…Interestingly, it has been suggested that adipocytes (whose numbers progressively increase in the BM microenvironment of elderly individuals) have equivalent functions to BM stromal cells in supporting clonal PC. 35 In such case, the decreased number of normal BM PC could be due, not to a decreased PC production, but to limited homing of recently produced PB PC into the BM because BM niches are overloaded with clonal PC. In line with this hypothesis, our results show that MM patients display normal numbers of normal PC in PB, despite undetectable in the BM of most patients.…”

“…An additional factor to be considered is the advanced age of these patients as SDF-1-expressing BM niches undergo age-induced impairment in their ability to support normal hematopoiesis, 33 which could be partly explained by a progressive increase in the number of adipocytic deposits in the BM. 34,35 Thus, progressive replacement of normal precursors and normal PC by the malignant clone could contribute to explain the occurrence of cytopenias and hypogammaglobulinemia in MM patients.…”