Neighbourhood Effects Research: New Perspectives

Ham, Maarten van; Manley, David; Bailey, Nick; Simpson, Ludi; Maclennan, Duncan

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2309-2_1

Cited by 135 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…More recent research is a well-exemplified review by Sampson et al [18] and in volumes edited by van Ham and colleagues [19,20]. Despite contributions made by the existing literature, an important theme is somewhat overlooked by scholars.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Social Capital, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Change of Neighborhood as Predictors of School Readiness

Jones

Shen

2014

Urban Studies Research

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Neighborhood income and social capital are considered important for child development, but social capital has rarely been measured directly at an aggregate level. We used Canadian data to derive measures of social capital from aggregated parental judgments of neighborhood collective efficacy and neighborhood safety. Measures of neighborhood income came from Census data. Direct measures of preschoolers' school readiness were predicted from neighborhood-level variables, with regional indicators and household/parental characteristics taken into account. Our findings show that (1) residing in Quebec, being Black, and having a parent who was born outside Canada are positively associated with children's living in disadvantaged or low collective efficacy neighborhoods as well as with their living in low-income households. (2) Children's odds of residential mobility were reduced when the origin neighborhood had higher collective efficacy but increased when the family rented rather than owned. (3) Both neighborhood collective efficacy and children's ever having lived in a poor neighborhood were correlated with receptive vocabulary scores, but results were mixed for other cognitive dimensions. Children of younger mothers scored worse on receptive vocabulary. There were similar patterns for demographic predictors related to visible minority status, sibship size, and birth order. Neighborhood average income had no effect on cognitive outcomes when the region was controlled.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Social Capital, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Change of Neighborhood as Predictors of School Readiness

Jones

Shen

2014

Urban Studies Research

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“…One is to understand the scale of 'neighbourhood effects' on individual outcomes, such as health or education. A typical approach is to compare the outcomes of people living in neighbourhoods with different characteristics, measured at a particular point in time, and controlling for other individual and household characteristics (van Ham et al 2012). There are measures in Britain that are broadly fit for these purposes, for example Census-based measures and the Indices of Multiple Deprivation or IMDs, although these have some limitations, as discussed later.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Better Measures of Neighbourhood Characteristics and Change for Use in Studies of Residential Mobility: A Case Study of Britain in the Early 2000s

Gambaro

Joshi

Lupton

et al. 2015

Appl. Spatial Analysis

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This paper addresses the problem of measuring neighbourhood characteristics and change when working with individual level datasets to understand the effects of residential mobility. Currently available measures in Britain are in various respects unsuitable for this purpose. The paper explores a new indicator of small area poverty: the Unadjusted Means-tested Benefits Rate (UMBR), which divides claimants of means-tested benefits in a small area by the number of households. We describe changes in area poverty between 2001 and 2006, using UMBR. As often assumed, these are generally negligible, but small areas in Bdisadvantaged urban^and Bmulticultural city life^communities did change considerably in this period. We also link UMBR to the first three waves of the UK Millennium Cohort Study, a survey of families with children born at the beginning of the 2000s. We examine opinions about Appl. Spatial Analysis (2016) neighbourhood and find that parents living in areas of higher poverty did tend to express more negative views than those living elsewhere. Living in high poverty areas was also associated with moving home, and those families who retrospectively gave neighbourhood considerations as reasons for moving did move into areas with markedly lower poverty rates. Finally, we compare families' moving trajectories to trends in poverty within areas. We are able to show that a large proportion of families who moved to poorer neighbourhoods were at double disadvantage, as they often moved to areas with increasing poverty rates. We conclude that UMBR can be used to enhance understanding of changing neighbourhood contexts in cohort studies, at least for this period, although it still suffers from the same conceptual and technical difficulties as other available alternatives in terms of its ability to capture aspects of neighbourhood quality.

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“…The literature on neighbourhood effects (see van Ham et al 2012avan Ham et al , 2013Manley et al 2013) suggests that the lack of social mobility of some groups has a spatial dimension (see Ellen and Turner 1997;Dietz 2002;Durlauf 2004; van Ham and Manley 2010). The concept of neighbourhood effects refers to the idea that the neighbourhood in which an individual lives has an independent effect on the life course of that individual.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this does not mean that these correlations can be taken as evidence of a causal mechanism where the neighbourhood context is responsible for the individual outcomes. In other words, the key question which the literature should address is whether a disadvantaged neighbourhood can make an individual's outcomes poorer or whether poor people enter disadvantaged neighbourhoods because they are excluded, through resources or other constraints, from living in more advantaged places (see Cheshire 2012;Slater 2013)? There is little work in the current literature that explicitly investigates the link between living in deprived neighbourhoods and occupational mobility (van Ham et al 2012a). In this paper we investigate occupational mobility between 1991 and 2001 for those who were employed in Scotland in 1991.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Mobility and Living in Deprived Neighbourhoods: Housing Tenure Differences in ‘Neighbourhood Effects’

Ham

Manley

2014

Appl. Spatial Analysis

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The literature on neighbourhood effects suggests that the lack of social mobility of some groups has a spatial dimension. It is thought that those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are the least likely to achieve upward mobility because of a range of negative neighbourhood effects. Most studies investigating such effects only identify correlations between individual outcomes and their residential environment and do not take into account that selection into neighbourhoods is a non-random mechanism. This paper investigates occupational mobility between 1991 and 2001 for those who were employed in Scotland in 1991 by using unique longitudinal data from Scottish Longitudinal Study (SLS). We add to the existing literature by investigating neighbourhood effects on occupational mobility separately for social renters, private renters and home owners. We find that 'neighbourhood effects' are strongest for home owners, which is an unexpected finding. We argue that the correlation between characteristics of the residential environment and occupational mobility can at least partially be explained by selection effects: homeowners with the least resources, who are least likely to experience upward mobility, are also most likely to sort into the most deprived neighbourhoods. Social housing tenants experience less selective sorting across neighbourhoods as other than market forces are responsible for the neighbourhood sorting mechanism.

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Neighbourhood Effects Research: New Perspectives

Cited by 135 publications

References 27 publications

Neighborhood Social Capital, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Change of Neighborhood as Predictors of School Readiness

Neighborhood Social Capital, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Change of Neighborhood as Predictors of School Readiness

Developing Better Measures of Neighbourhood Characteristics and Change for Use in Studies of Residential Mobility: A Case Study of Britain in the Early 2000s

Occupational Mobility and Living in Deprived Neighbourhoods: Housing Tenure Differences in ‘Neighbourhood Effects’

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