Neighbourhood Provision of Food and Alcohol Retailing and Social Deprivation in Urban New Zealand

Pearce, Jamie; Day, Peter; Witten, Karen

doi:10.1080/08111140701697610

Cited by 72 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…organic food, fresh fruits and vegetables) (4) . It is possible that these phenomena on the meso level could help to partially explain the widening gap in social and health inequalities (22,26,46) . In our conclusion we take up suggestions recently made by the WHO and other research groups as to how such a deprivation amplification could be countered on the meso level (18,25,(47)(48)(49) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the term 'obesogenic environments' (26,36) , we suggest that there are also 'addictive environments' which cluster in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods. This is consistent with relevant literature which we summarized in the paper's introduction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pearce et al found a positive correlation with deprivation indicators in their joint analysis of alcohol and fast-food outlets (26) . However, in the process of our research we could not find any other study which included and mapped tobacco, alcohol and fast-food outlets simultaneously.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Neighbourhood deprivation and outlet density for tobacco, alcohol and fast food: first hints of obesogenic and addictive environments in Germany

Schneider

Gruber

2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: The current discussion regarding 'place effects on health' is increasingly focusing on the characteristics of a specific physical environment. Our study investigated whether socially deprived residential areas are more likely than affluent neighbourhoods to provide access to addictive substances and fast food. Design: In this ecological study the total number of tobacco, alcohol and fastfood outlets was recorded and visualized using a geographic information system. Area affluence was measured through the percentage of parents with children of kindergarten or school age with joint annual taxable income ,h12 272. Setting: Eighteen social areas in Cologne, Germany. Subjects: All social areas in four districts in Cologne, Germany, with a total of 92 000 inhabitants, were analysed. Results: In the investigation area, 339 tobacco, 353 alcohol and sixty-seven fastfood outlets were identified. As area affluence declined the availability of the following potentially health damaging sources increased: cigarettes (Kendall's tau 5 0?433; P 5 0?012), alcohol (Kendall's tau 5 0?341, P 5 0?049) and fast food (Kendall's tau 5 0?473; P 5 0?009). Conclusions: The availability of addictive substances and fast food can be seen to have a contextual influence on an individual's lifestyle and can, in the form of physical exposure to obesogenic and addictive environments, contribute to a culmination of health risks. Keywords Alcohol consumption Tobacco Fast foods Environmental impact Ecological and environmental phenomenaUntil well into the 1980s, public health research focused on an individual's lifestyle when attempting to explain his/her state of health (1) . However, this individualistic approach to explaining the state of a person's health, which is limited to the micro level, has repeatedly demonstrated its limitations (2,3) : although a broad range of biopsychosocial determinants have been taken into consideration in the past, many individual-based risk factor studies have only been partially able to explain health behaviour and health outcomes. It is therefore not surprising that numerous intervention studies which have focused on individuals' behaviour have not resulted in long-term behavioural changes (4) . Pickett and Pearl pointed out in a critical review that this limitation is essentially due to the fact that the individual-based approach does not include factors on an aggregated level, the meso level (especially the geographical context (5) ). Taking the meso level into account by considering the influences of the complex social and physical contexts in which individual behavioural decisions are made has proved to be one way of escaping from this cul-de-sac in contemporary research (6) . Recently an increasing number of interdisciplinary research groups have been focusing on investigating to what extent an individual's immediate residential surroundings -his/her social and physical neighbourhood contexts -play a role in determining health behaviour and outcomes (7) . In order to do this, direct and ind...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neighbourhood deprivation and outlet density for tobacco, alcohol and fast food: first hints of obesogenic and addictive environments in Germany

Schneider

Gruber

2012

Public Health Nutr.

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“…All measures were calculated or compiled by CAU, except those relating to access to safe drinking water and population change which are routinely compiled at the territorial authority level for jurisdictional purposes. We used pre-calculated measures relating to access (high ¼ 1 to low ¼ 5) to health care, healthy living infrastructure, educational facilities, cultural centres (Pearce, Day, & Witten, 2008;Pearce, Mason, Hiscock, & Day, 2008;Pearce et al, 2006), levels of social fragmentation (Ivory, Collings, Blakely, & Dew, 2011), environmental deprivation (Pearce, Richardson, Mitchell, & Shortt, 2011) and air pollution (Kingham, Fisher, Hales, Wilson, & Bartie, 2008). Additionally, we calculated access to unhealthy living infrastructure by measuring distances along the road network from population-weighted centroids of each CAU to the nearest gambling and alcohol outlets.…”

Section: Neighbourhood Characteristics Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Deprived yet healthy: Neighbourhood-level resilience in New Zealand

Pearson

Pearce

Kingham

2013

Social Science & Medicine

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a b s t r a c tGeographical inequalities in health are omnipresent with health and related behaviours typically worse in socioeconomically deprived places. However, this is not always true. Deprived places with unexpectedly good health outcomes, or what might be considered 'resilient' places, have been noted. Few studies have quantitatively examined resilience in neighbourhoods or investigated potential explanations for this resilience. This paper examines the paradox of low mortality despite high social deprivation in New Zealand neighbourhoods and considers possible neighbourhood characteristics that contribute to unanticipated positive health outcomes. Using area-level mortality (2005e2007) and socioeconomic data, we developed the Resilience Index New Zealand to quantify neighbourhood levels of resilience across the country. We then examined relationships between this measure and a suite of built, physical and social characteristics. We found that resilient places tended to be densely populated, urban areas. We observed gradients and increases/decreases in the most resilient groups in access to or levels of physical environment factors (environmental deprivation, safe drinking water, air quality) and unhealthy living infrastructure (alcohol and gambling outlets). Since these factors are amenable to change, these findings are the strongest evidence that such improvements may lower mortality in similarly deprived places. The social environment of resilient areas was characterised by high levels of incoming residents. We also found some surprising associations and observed U-shaped relationships for a number of the neighbourhood factors. Such findings suggest the need to develop a better proxy of community cohesion and a better understanding of the interactions between people and their neighbourhoods, rather than simply the presence of certain factors. We argue that this study has identified amenable neighbourhood characteristics and highlighted the importance of 'place-specific' resilience factors that may be effective in reducing mortality in some neighbourhoods, but be less effective in others.

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“…Alcohol outlets also tend to be concentrated in lower income areas (Gorman & Speer, 1997;Hay et al, 2009;Pearce et al, 2008;Romley et al, 2007), presumably exposing lower income populations to increased risks related to having these retail establishments in their neighborhoods. In this study, we considered some of the social and economic processes by which excess exposure to alcohol outlets in lower income populations might arise.…”

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confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Determinants of Exposure to Alcohol Outlets

Morrison

Gruenewald

Ponicki

2015

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: Alcohol outlets tend to be located in lower income areas, exposing lower income populations to excess risks associated with alcohol sales through these establishments. The objective of this study was to test two hypotheses about the etiology of these differential exposures based on theories of the economic geography of retail markets: (a) outlets will locate within or near areas of high alcohol demand, and (b) outlets will be excluded from areas with high land and structure rents. Method: Data from the 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey were used to develop a surrogate for alcohol demand (i.e., market potential) at two census geographies for the city of Melbourne, Australia. Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models estimated multilevel spatial relationships between counts of bars, restaurants, and off-premise outlets and market potential, income, and zoning ordinances (Level 1: n = 8,914). Results: Market potentials were greatest in areas with larger older age, male, English-speaking, high-income populations. Independent of zoning characteristics, greater numbers of outlets appeared in areas with greater market potentials and the immediately surrounding areas. Greater income excluded outlets in local and surrounding areas. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that alcohol outlets are located in areas with high demand and are excluded from high-income areas. These processes appear to take place at relatively small geographic scales, encourage the concentration of outlets in specific low-income areas, and represent a very general economic process likely to take place in communities throughout the world. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 76, 439-446, 2015)

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Neighbourhood Provision of Food and Alcohol Retailing and Social Deprivation in Urban New Zealand

Cited by 72 publications

References 52 publications

Neighbourhood deprivation and outlet density for tobacco, alcohol and fast food: first hints of obesogenic and addictive environments in Germany

Neighbourhood deprivation and outlet density for tobacco, alcohol and fast food: first hints of obesogenic and addictive environments in Germany

Deprived yet healthy: Neighbourhood-level resilience in New Zealand

Socioeconomic Determinants of Exposure to Alcohol Outlets

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