“…In mammals that pair bond, including humans, baseline circulating T levels are commonly reduced in response to bond establishment or the birth of offspring (Burnham et al, 2003;Nunes et al, 2000;Reburn and Wynne Edwards, 1999; van Anders and Watson, 2007b), suggesting that lowered T facilitates increased paternal behavior and reduced mating effort outside the pair bond. However, a recent body of research suggests that the role of T in the transition to pairing and fatherhood is more nuanced, with fathers showing adaptive short term increases of T that positively contribute to paternal care (Juana et al, 2010;Luis et al, 2009;Neff and Knapp, 2009;Pradhan et al, 2014;Reburn and Wynne-Edwards, 1999;Stiver and Alonzo, 2009;Trainor and Marler, 2002;Ziegler and Snowdon, 2000; reviewed by Hau, 2007;Marler, Bester-Meredith, and Trainor, 2003). Similarly, chronic baseline T levels may be insufficient to fully capture the role of T in mate fidelity.…”