NEMATOCYST INHIBITION IN<i>CHIRONEX FLECKERI</i>

Hartwick, R. F.; Callanan, V.; Williamson, John

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb134566.x

Cited by 98 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Therefore, it is reasonable to propose that this method is more effective in obtaining a good yield of venom, as compared to a previously reported high activity and recovery protocol. The effect of ethanol on nematocyst discharge in C. fleckeri is in line with what previously reported, showing that ethanol stimulate nematocyst discharge of various species of jellyfish [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. On the other hand, our observation differ from the inhibitory effect of ethanol on chemoactivation of in situ discharge in Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) oral arms [ 29 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Moreover, after immersion in ethanol, the tentacle surface was found to be densely packed with discharged nematocysts ( Figure 3 D), with a few nematocysts, mostly those placed in lower nematocyst batteries remain undischarged ( Figure 2 E). As previously suggested [ 22 ], the “roofed-over” effect of the top nematocyst batteries likely prevents the less-prominent intermediate and inferior batteries from being exposed to ethanol. It should be mention that this new ethanol recovery based method demonstrated higher yield in term of the number of proteins identified.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Since certain chemicals such as ethanol, or 5% acetic acid in distilled water, cause massive cnidae discharge in some cnidarian species [ 22 , 23 , 24 ] ( Hydrozoa and Cubozoa , respectively), in this study we utilized ethanol to obtain venom proteins and peptides from box jellyfish, C. fleckeri , because of its significant envenomation consequences and need of opportune therapeutic tools [ 7 , 8 ]. This study highlights the advantages of this new technique, which results in pure venom, free of contaminants from the tentacles or structural components of nematocysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Firing the Sting: Chemically Induced Discharge of Cnidae Reveals Novel Proteins and Peptides from Box Jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) Venom

Jouiaei

Casewell

Yanagihara

et al. 2015

Toxins

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Cnidarian venom research has lagged behind other toxinological fields due to technical difficulties in recovery of the complex venom from the microscopic nematocysts. Here we report a newly developed rapid, repeatable and cost effective technique of venom preparation, using ethanol to induce nematocyst discharge and to recover venom contents in one step. Our model species was the Australian box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri), which has a notable impact on public health. By utilizing scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, we examined nematocyst external morphology before and after ethanol treatment and verified nematocyst discharge. Further, to investigate nematocyst content or “venom” recovery, we utilized both top-down and bottom-up transcriptomics–proteomics approaches and compared the proteome profile of this new ethanol recovery based method to a previously reported high activity and recovery protocol, based upon density purified intact cnidae and pressure induced disruption. In addition to recovering previously characterized box jellyfish toxins, including CfTX-A/B and CfTX-1, we recovered putative metalloproteases and novel expression of a small serine protease inhibitor. This study not only reveals a much more complex toxin profile of Australian box jellyfish venom but also suggests that ethanol extraction method could augment future cnidarian venom proteomics research efforts.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Firing the Sting: Chemically Induced Discharge of Cnidae Reveals Novel Proteins and Peptides from Box Jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) Venom

Jouiaei

Casewell

Yanagihara

et al. 2015

Toxins

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“…Toxin mixture is injected into the prey’s skin and subcutaneous tissues (arrow). The figure was drawn according to the data in references [ 14 , 29 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Cnidarian Venom Delivery Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the most important steps in the treatment of human envenomation is to use specific fluids to prevent further nematocyst discharge, since physical attempts to detach remaining tentacles from the victim’s skin might cause massive discharge [ 34 , 142 ]. Since 1908 numerous traditional remedies such as urea, seawater, vinegar, methylated spirits etc.…”

Section: Envenomationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancient Venom Systems: A Review on Cnidaria Toxins

Jouiaei

Yanagihara

Madio

et al. 2015

Toxins

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Cnidarians are the oldest extant lineage of venomous animals. Despite their simple anatomy, they are capable of subduing or repelling prey and predator species that are far more complex and recently evolved. Utilizing specialized penetrating nematocysts, cnidarians inject the nematocyst content or “venom” that initiates toxic and immunological reactions in the envenomated organism. These venoms contain enzymes, potent pore forming toxins, and neurotoxins. Enzymes include lipolytic and proteolytic proteins that catabolize prey tissues. Cnidarian pore forming toxins self-assemble to form robust membrane pores that can cause cell death via osmotic lysis. Neurotoxins exhibit rapid ion channel specific activities. In addition, certain cnidarian venoms contain or induce the release of host vasodilatory biogenic amines such as serotonin, histamine, bunodosine and caissarone accelerating the pathogenic effects of other venom enzymes and porins. The cnidarian attacking/defending mechanism is fast and efficient, and massive envenomation of humans may result in death, in some cases within a few minutes to an hour after sting. The complexity of venom components represents a unique therapeutic challenge and probably reflects the ancient evolutionary history of the cnidarian venom system. Thus, they are invaluable as a therapeutic target for sting treatment or as lead compounds for drug design.

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