Nematode parasites of cereals.

Abstract

This chapter provides an insight into the economically important nematode pests of cereal grains other than rice, such as maize, wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, oat and rye. It details the distribution, biology and life cycle, damage potential and economic importance of major nematode pests. Viable management options for their control are also given, which include cultural practices, chemical and biological methods, and host resistance.

Identification and genetic diversity of the Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera latipons Franklin, 1969 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) in cereal production areas of Northern Cyprus

“…Heterodera latipons is one of the damaging biotic stresses reported to cause yield loss in wheat production systems around the world (Dababat & Fourie, 2018). In this study, the Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode was determined in 37 fields out of 45 cereal fields (82%) surveyed in cereal-growing areas of Northern Cyprus (Table 1).…”

“…The density of these populations mostly exceeded or approached the threshold level for economic loss. CCN populations were reduced to levels below the economic damage threshold of 5 eggs/g soil under cereal monocultures (Gair et al, 1969;Dababat & Fourie, 2018). Further evaluations are necessary to determine the virulence of H. latipons populations to barley and wheat cultivars widely grown in Northern Cyprus and to identify the pathotypes of the H. latipons populations from Gazimağusa, Girne, Güzelyurt and Lefkoşa cereal-growing areas, as well as to include suitable resistance sources to cereal breeding programs.…”

“…The feeding structures stimulated by the nematodes are called syncytia and provide a constant source of food for them to become reproductive females (Kyndt et al, 2013). Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode is a species that is occurs in Cyprus, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey (Franklin, 1969;Saxena et al, 1988).Yellowing of cereal stands, ranging from mild to severe, have been observed in the early stage of Heterodera latipons Franklin, 1969 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) infestation, while the infested fields show patchy plant growth due to poor tillering and shorter spikes in the affected area in the later stages (Dababat & Fourie, 2018). The nematode population generally expands from the initial location increasing the number of affected plants, which results in enlargement of patches.…”

Activity profiling of barley vacuolar processing enzymes provides new insights into the plant and cyst nematode interaction

“…Of these Heterodera avenae , Heterodera latipons and Heterodera filipjevi are considered the most economically important for global cereal production (Toumi et al , ). The rye cyst nematode ( H. filipjevi ), like other CCNs, is an obligate biotrophic sedentary endoparasite, mainly infesting barley and wheat (Dababat and Fourie, ). As a result of H. filipjevi feeding on roots of infected plants the grain yield losses may reach up to 50% (Pariyar et al , ).…”

“…It is the fourth most important cereal in the world after maize, rice and wheat. Its grains are a valuable forage for livestock and food for humans, and their biochemical properties are used in malting and brewing (Dababat and Fourie, 2018;Kharub et al, 2017). Barley is also one of the best-studied cereals in terms of biochemistry, physiology, genetics, omics and molecular breeding, therefore it is considered to be an excellent model for cereals (Saisho and Takeda, 2011;Sreenivasulu et al, 2008).…”