Neolithic cultivation of tetraploid free threshing wheat in Denmark and Northern Germany: implications for crop diversity and societal dynamics of the Funnel Beaker Culture

Kirleis, Wiebke; Fischer, Elske

doi:10.1007/s00334-014-0440-8

Cited by 41 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…monococcum ), tetraploid emmer wheat ( Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum ) (see Kirleis and Fischer, 2014; Zohary et al, 2012: 45) and a now extinct hulled wheat ‘ new glume wheat ’ (Jones et al, 2000; Kohler-Schneider, 2003). However, secondary hulled wheats, with limited distribution, emerged in Tibet ( T. aestivum var.…”

Section: Wheat Goes Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Between China and South Asia: A Middle Asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the Bronze Age

et al. 2016

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The period from the late third millennium BC to the start of the first millennium AD witnesses the first steps towards food globalization in which a significant number of important crops and animals, independently domesticated within China, India, Africa and West Asia, traversed Central Asia greatly increasing Eurasian agricultural diversity. This paper utilizes an archaeobotanical database (AsCAD), to explore evidence for these crop translocations along southern and northern routes of interaction between east and west. To begin, crop translocations from the Near East across India and Central Asia are examined for wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) from the eighth to the second millennia BC when they reach China. The case of pulses and flax (Linum usitatissimum) that only complete this journey in Han times (206 BC–AD 220), often never fully adopted, is also addressed. The discussion then turns to the Chinese millets, Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica, peaches (Amygdalus persica) and apricots (Armeniaca vulgaris), tracing their movement from the fifth millennium to the second millennium BC when the Panicum miliaceum reaches Europe and Setaria italica Northern India, with peaches and apricots present in Kashmir and Swat. Finally, the translocation of japonica rice from China to India that gave rise to indica rice is considered, possibly dating to the second millennium BC. The routes these crops travelled include those to the north via the Inner Asia Mountain Corridor, across Middle Asia, where there is good evidence for wheat, barley and the Chinese millets. The case for japonica rice, apricots and peaches is less clear, and the northern route is contrasted with that through northeast India, Tibet and west China. Not all these journeys were synchronous, and this paper highlights the selective long-distance transport of crops as an alternative to demic-diffusion of farmers with a defined crop package.

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Section: Wheat Goes Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Between China and South Asia: A Middle Asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the Bronze Age

et al. 2016

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“…This kind of agriculture was probably widespread in temperate Middle Europe though clear evidence is lacking up to now. There are hints that very similar land use techniques were practised during the early Funnel Beaker culture (Kirleis and Fischer 2014) but the pollen record is ambiguous (e.g. Dörfler et al 2012;Wiethold 1998) as the pollen record does not feature the typical patterns recorded in the alpine foreland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Seven Millennia of human impact as reflected in a high resolution pollen profile from the profundal sediments of Litzelsee, Lake Constance region, Germany

Rösch

Lechterbeck

2016

Veget Hist Archaeobot

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A profundal core from Litzelsee, a small cirque lake in the western Lake Constance region, was investigated by pollen analysis and dated radiometrically. The upper part of the core, chronologically between 5000 cal BC and 1850 AD, was sampled continuously, resulting in a total of 449 samples, each with a sum of 1,000 arboreal pollen grains. Also in this huge data set, rare taxa, normally lacking or very scarce in pollen profiles, were registered. The ecological evaluation of these, with a focus on anthropogenic indicators, sheds light on environmental and human impact history from the Neolithic to Modern times. Further, the results are put in a regional context, together with seven other mostly unpublished pollen profiles studied in the same way.

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“…Other crops are recorded sporadically including flax and poppy (Jones & Rowley-Conwy 2007;Campbell & Robinson 2007), whilst pulse crops (pea, Celtic bean) appear absent (Treasure & Church 2017). The range of cereal types present contrasts with central and northern European sites where einkorn is commonly recorded and naked wheat also appears to have been a more important crop (eg, Kreuz 2007;Salavert 2011;Kirleis et al 2012;Kirleis & Fischer 2014). Overall, it is apparent that there was a substantial degree of uniformity, rather than regional diversity, in Early Neolithic archaeobotanical assemblages in both the cereal-types and wild plants recorded across most of Britain and Ireland.…”

Section: Early Neolithic: the Introduction Of Cerealsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Recently, the quantity of archaeobotanical research undertaken on Neolithic sites in Wales has significantly increased, largely due to developer-funded archaeology. This can be contrasted with well-studied areas such as southern England (Pelling & Campbell 2013), Ireland (McClatchie et al 2014;, and Scotland (Bishop et al 2009;Bishop 2015), as well as continental Europe (eg, Colledge & Conolly 2007;Salavert 2011;Kirleis et al 2012;Kirleis & Fischer 2014;Sørensen & Karg 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neolithic Farming and Wild Plant Exploitation in Western Britain: Archaeobotanical and Crop Stable Isotope Evidence from Wales (c. 4000–2200 calbc)

Treasure

Gröcke

Caseldine

et al. 2019

Proc. Prehist. Soc.

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The introduction of agriculture is a key defining element of the Neolithic, yet considerable debate persists concerning the nature and significance of early farming practices in north-west Europe. This paper reviews archaeobotanical evidence from 95 Neolithic sites (c. 4000-2200 cal BC) in Wales, focusing on wild plant exploitation, the range of crops present, and the significance of cereals in subsistence practices. Cereal cultivation practices in Early Neolithic Wales are also examined using cereal grain stable carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) isotope analysis. The Early Neolithic period witnessed the widespread uptake of cereals alongside considerable evidence for continued wild plant exploitation, notably hazelnuts and wild fruits. The possibility that wild plants and woodlands were deliberately managed or altered to promote the growth of certain plants is outlined. Small cereal grain assemblages, with little evidence for chaff and weed seeds, are common in the Early Neolithic, whereas cereal-rich sites are rare. Emmer wheat was the dominant crop in the Early Neolithic, while other cereal types were recorded in small quantities. Cereal nitrogen isotope (δ 15 N) values from Early Neolithic sites provided little evidence for intensive manuring. We suggest that cultivation conditions may have been less intensive when compared to other areas of Britain and Europe. In the later Neolithic period, there is evidence for a decline in the importance of cereals. Finally, the archaeobotanical and crop isotope data from this study are considered within a wider European context.

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Neolithic cultivation of tetraploid free threshing wheat in Denmark and Northern Germany: implications for crop diversity and societal dynamics of the Funnel Beaker Culture

Cited by 41 publications

References 25 publications

Between China and South Asia: A Middle Asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the Bronze Age

Between China and South Asia: A Middle Asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the Bronze Age

Seven Millennia of human impact as reflected in a high resolution pollen profile from the profundal sediments of Litzelsee, Lake Constance region, Germany

Neolithic Farming and Wild Plant Exploitation in Western Britain: Archaeobotanical and Crop Stable Isotope Evidence from Wales (c. 4000–2200 calbc)

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