Neonatal Hydrocephalus

McAllister, James P.; Chovan, Peter

doi:10.1016/s1042-3680(18)30281-x

Cited by 105 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Gliosis occurred in both gray and white matter, but was more marked in the periventricular white matter. The role of periventricular astrocytic proliferative change in hydrocephalic brain injury is supported by studies that demonstrated increased brain GFAP ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels (measured by western blot) with progression of hydrocephalus in kaolin models of kittens [23], and increased CSF levels of GFAP in human hydrocephalic patients [24]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between ventricular dilatation, neuropathological and neurobehavioural changes in hydrocephalic rats

Olopade

Shokunbi

Sirén

2012

Fluids Barriers CNS

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BackgroundThe motor and cognitive deficits observed in hydrocephalus are thought to be due to axonal damage within the periventricular white matter. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between ventricular size, cellular changes in brain, and neurobehavioural deficits in rats with experimental hydrocephalus.MethodsHydrocephalus was induced in three-week old rats by intracisternal injection of kaolin. Behavioural and motor function were tested four weeks after hydrocephalus induction and correlated to ventricular enlargement which was classified into mild, moderate or severe. Gross brain morphology, routine histology and immunohistochemistry for oligodendrocytes (CNPase), microglia (Iba-1) and astrocytes (GFAP) were performed to assess the cellular changes.ResultsDecreases in open field activity and forelimb grip strength in hydrocephalus correlated with the degree of ventriculomegaly. Learning in Morris water maze was significantly impaired in hydrocephalic rats. Gradual stretching of the ependymal layer, thinning of the corpus callosum, extracellular oedema and reduced cortical thickness were observed as the degree of ventriculomegaly increased. A gradual loss of oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex was most marked in the severely-hydrocephalic brains, whereas the widespread astrogliosis especially in the subependymal layer was most marked in the brains with mild hydrocephalus. Retraction of microglial processes and increase in Iba-1 immunoreactivity in the white matter was associated ventriculomegaly.ConclusionsIn hydrocephalic rats, oligodendrocyte loss, microglia activation, astrogliosis in cortical areas and thinning of the corpus callosum were associated with ventriculomegaly. The degree of ventriculomegaly correlated with motor and cognitive deficits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between ventricular dilatation, neuropathological and neurobehavioural changes in hydrocephalic rats

Olopade

Shokunbi

Sirén

2012

Fluids Barriers CNS

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“…The pathophysiology of hydrocephalus is multifactorial in nature, and many of the alterations associated with ventriculomegaly are secondary consequences deriving from one or more primary mechanisms [5]. The primary mechanisms associated with hydrocephalus have also been identified in other forms of traumatic brain injury and include effects such as compression and stretching as well as edema and ischemia [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of the Hippocampus in Wistar Rats with Experimental Hydrocephalus

Taveira

Carraro²,

Catalão³

et al. 2012

Pediatr Neurosurg

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Background: The present study aims at better establishing the alterations caused by the usual enlargement of brain ventricles in this structure. Methods: Hydrocephalus was induced in 7-day-old Wistar rats by the injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Morphological studies were performed on the hippocampus 7, 14 and 21 days after injection. The total number of neurons in each hippocampus subarea as well as that of pyknotic neurons were counted. Then we calculated the pyknotic index (PI) by hippocampal subarea, taking into account the level of ventricular dilatation and time of induction of hydrocephalus. Results: PI was statistically larger in the CA1 subarea of the experimental group after 1 week of hydrocephalus induction as compared to the corresponding control as well as in animals that had developed mild hydrocephalus in groups G1, G2 and G3. Conclusion: Hydrocephalus caused morphological alterations in the hippocampus, leading to important changes in its shape.

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“…Some calpain inhibitors cross the blood-brain barrier [31], but the extent to which calpain inhibitor I does so is not clear. The degree to which the blood-brain barrier is altered by hydrocephalus is unknown [32]. Because we did not measure drug levels in brain, we must consider the possibility that drug delivery was not adequate in this experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine A Are of No Benefit to Young Rats with Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalus

2003

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Hydrocephalus causes damage to periventricular axons. Tacrolimus, cyclosporine A (CsA) and calpain inhibitors have been shown to protect axons in rat models of acute traumatic brain injury. We hypothesized that these agents would ameliorate the axon damage and behavioral effects in experimental hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus was induced in 3-week-old rats by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Tests of cognitive and motor function were performed on a weekly basis. In a blinded and randomized manner, tacrolimus (FK506; 3.6 mg/kg body weight) or CsA (10 mg/kg) was administered once daily by subcutaneous injection for 2 weeks, beginning 2 weeks after induction of hydrocephalus. In a separate experiment, calpain inhibitor I (10 mg/kg/day) was administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion. The brains were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses after 2 weeks of treatment. There was no statistically significant protection in regard to behavior, brain structure or brain composition in any of the experiments. However, there was biochemical and histological evidence of renal injury following chronic tacrolimus and CsA administration. Calcineurin inhibition does not offer significant protection in this rat model of hydrocephalus.

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Neonatal Hydrocephalus

Cited by 105 publications

References 154 publications

The relationship between ventricular dilatation, neuropathological and neurobehavioural changes in hydrocephalic rats

The relationship between ventricular dilatation, neuropathological and neurobehavioural changes in hydrocephalic rats

Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of the Hippocampus in Wistar Rats with Experimental Hydrocephalus

Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine A Are of No Benefit to Young Rats with Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalus

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