Neonatal ketamine exposure results in changes in biochemical substrates of neuronal growth and synaptogenesis, and alters adult behavior irreversibly

Long-term NMDA receptor inhibition affects NMDA receptor expression and alters glutamatergic activity in developing rat hippocampal neurons

“…The expression of the NR2A and 2B subunits was somewhat increased but no significant difference could be detected between the expression of both subunits (*: significantly differs versus control p < 0.01). Viberg et al, 2008;Sinner et al, 2011a;Paule et al, 2011;Brambrink et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2013). Neuronal apoptosis was detected in fetal and neonatal rhesus monkeys after only a 5 h exposure to ketamine following the anesthesia (Brambrink et al, 2012).…”

“…Recent studies on neurotoxicity of ketamine show that ketamine-a non-competitive N-methyl-Daspartat (NMDA) receptor antagonist-and its stereoisomer S (+)-ketamine can trigger apoptosis (Fredriksson et al, 2004;Scallet et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2006;Slikker et al, 2007;Viberg et al, 2008;Sinner et al, 2011a;Paule et al, 2011;Brambrink et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2013). NMDA receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain and play an important role in neuronal development and differentiation (Jantzie et al, 2015).…”

Ketamine Interferes with the Proliferation and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells in the Subventricular Zone of Neonatal Rats

“…Our study indicated that ketamine significantly inhibited NSC proliferation and astrocytic differentiation while enhancing neuronal differentiation during the development of SVZ, which may result in the abnormalities in the number and proportion of neurons and astrocytes, thus disturbing the structure and formation of neuronal circuits in the cortical layers and olfactory bulb and possibly leading to alterations of the brain functions. Evidence has shown that hippocampus-dependent neurocognitive functions in the adult stage can be affected by neonatal exposure to ketamine [8,36,37]. However, the effect of ketamine on olfactory cognitive function has barely been studied.…”

Early exposure to urethane anesthesia: Effects on neuronal activity in the piriform cortex of the developing brain

“…Previous studies indicated that mouse pups anesthetized on P10 with commonly used anesthetic agents (e.g., ketamine, thiopental, and propofol, either alone or in combination) showed cognitive impairment later in life [17,18]. Therefore, we are interested in whether our urethane-treated animals show impairment in olfactory learning and/or social behaviors as adults.…”