Neonatal outcomes of children born to mothers on biological agents during pregnancy: State of the art and perspectives

Fetal and maternal outcomes after maternal biologic use during conception and pregnancy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Many CIDs have a female preponderance and are often associated with activity during reproductive years 3–5 . They share a similar pathophysiology centring on dysregulation of the systemic immune response mediated by cytokines including tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐6, which are known to affect pregnancy and embryogenesis 6,7 . Modulation of these cytokines with the introduction of biologic agents over two decades ago was a revolution in the care of these patients and biologics are increasingly used to manage chronic autoimmune diseases during pregnancy.…”

A Systematic Review of the Safety of Blocking the IL-1 System in Human Pregnancy

“…In this study, the authors compared pregnancy with or without all kind of DMARDs and healthy pregnancy. However, this study did not discriminate for different treatments and only three pregnancies were exposed to Anakinra [ 82 ].…”

“…Only one study reported a preterm birth rate of 9% in pregnancy with inflammatory pathologies without DMARDs treatment. The maternal condition in this study were Sjögren syndrome, undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UTCD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and others [ 82 ].…”

Low incidence of intrauterine growth restriction in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus taking hydroxychloroquine

“…Accordingly, modified scales to assess SLE activity have been developed [17]. Adapting the need for pharmacological disease control to pregnancy safety is of importance to minimize pregnancy risks [18] and warrants the implementation of a comprehensive follow up plan, from preconception counseling [19] to post-partum monitoring.…”