“…For the first time, we demonstrate the development of both high T h 1 and T h 17 function in the neonatal intestine to a fully virulent infectious bacterium in the absence of additional interventions. Based on the current understanding that immune responsiveness during the neonatal period of life can be modulated extensively by targeting the mucosal immune system (1,8,11,12,27,29,34,35,59,70) and by using strong immunomodulatory agents (31,36,51), we favor the idea that robust immunity to Y. enterocolitica is a function of both the inflammatory potential of this pathogen and an intrinsic capacity of the neonatal intestine to develop high-level inflammation. These data support the idea that the development of inflammatory CD4…”