Neoplastic Cells Modulation of the Differentiated State

McKinnell, Robert G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6820-9_9

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 173 publications

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“…More convincingly, injection of the nuclei isolated from the Lucké renal cancer cells of the frog origin into enucleated frog eggs allows the eggs to hatch out tadpoles that are normal without any trace of cancer (Fig. 4) [285,[662][663][664][665][666][667][668]. Similar conversion back to a normal state by an embryonic microenvironment has also been shown for a few other cancer cell types [448, 669-673, 673, 674].…”

Section: Actually Whether Mutation Is Needed or Not For Tumor Formatmentioning

confidence: 83%

Evidence for immortality and autonomy in animal cancer models is often not provided, which causes confusion on key issues of cancer biology

Dou¹,

Tong²,

Huang³

et al. 2020

J. Cancer

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Modern research into carcinogenesis has undergone three phases. Surgeons and pathologists started the first phase roughly 250 years ago, establishing morphological traits of tumors for pathologic diagnosis, and setting immortality and autonomy as indispensable criteria for neoplasms. A century ago, medical doctors, biologists and chemists started to enhance "experimental cancer research" by establishing many animal models of chemical-induced carcinogenesis for studies of cellular mechanisms. In this second phase, the two-hit theory and stepwise carcinogenesis of "initiation-promotion" or "initiation-promotion-progression" were established, with an illustrious finding that outgrowths induced in animals depend on the inducers, and thus are not authentically neoplastic, until late stages. The last 40 years are the third incarnation, molecular biologists have gradually dominated the carcinogenesis research fraternity and have established numerous genetically-modified animal models of carcinogenesis. However, evidence has not been provided for immortality and autonomy of the lesions from most of these models. Probably, many lesions had already been collected from animals for analyses of molecular mechanisms of "cancer" before the lesions became autonomous. We herein review the monumental work of many predecessors to reinforce that evidence for immortality and autonomy is essential for confirming a neoplastic nature. We extrapolate that immortality and autonomy are established early during sporadic human carcinogenesis, unlike the late establishment in most animal models. It is imperative to resume many forerunners' work by determining the genetic bases for initiation, promotion and progression, the genetic bases for immortality and autonomy, and which animal models are, in fact, good for identifying such genetic bases.

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Section: Actually Whether Mutation Is Needed or Not For Tumor Formatmentioning

confidence: 83%

Evidence for immortality and autonomy in animal cancer models is often not provided, which causes confusion on key issues of cancer biology

Dou¹,

Tong²,

Huang³

et al. 2020

J. Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It had been shown in the 1960's that if nuclei isolated from the Lucké renal cancer cells of frog origin [399][400][401][402] were injected into enucleated frog eggs, the chimeric eggs could hatch phenotypically normal tadpoles (Fig. 2) [403][404][405][406][407][408][409][410][411][412][413]. Further transplantation of tissues from these tadpoles into normal recipients produced phenotypically normal tissues as well [407].…”

Section: Dissenting Evidence 7: Embryonic Environment May Revert Canc...mentioning

confidence: 99%