Nephrectomy in a Dog infected with Dioctophyma renale - Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Abstract

Background: Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyma renale, a parasite known as the giant kidney worm, that can parasitize the kidneys of domestic and wild animals. There are also reports of its occurrence in humans, thus revealing its zoonotic potential. In most cases, parasitized animals are asymptomatic. This parasite can cause atrophy or destroy the renal parenchyma, although ectopic locations may occur. The diagnosis is made through ultrasonography, based on the presence of eggs in the urine, visualization of the parasite, or during necropsy. Therefore, the aim of this work was to report the case of a young dog infected with D. renale and subjected to nephrectomy in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.Case: A 6-month-old bitch with a clinical suspicion of hydronephrosis in the right kidney was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Anhanguera-Uniderp University in the city of Campo Grande, MS. A physical examination of the patient revealed an alteration in the urinary system. An abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis, complete blood count (CBC) tests and biochemical profile were ordered. The erythrogram indicated erythrocytosis resulting from dehydration and loss of body fluids, while enzyme levels (creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and albumin) were within normal limits. The abdominal ultrasound showed the presence of a cylindrical and rounded structure characteristic of a nematode and in the right kidney, and loss of renal parenchyma typical of D. renale infection. A urinalysis then revealed the presence of helminth eggs, confirming the diagnosis. The owner was informed about the need for nephrectomy of the affected right kidney, which showed destruction of the renal parenchyma. One adult female and one adult male parasite were removed from inside the kidney, measuring approximately 50 cm and 35 cm in length. The patient was successfully treated, kept in hospital for observation, and returned two weeks later for reassessment of her renal function and removal of stitches. Discussion: Dioctophymosis is often diagnosed based on ultrasound and urine tests. These tests proved sufficient to diagnose parasitism by D. renale. However, the infection is usually discovered during necropsy. D. renale is popularly known as the giant kidney worm, as it can reach up to 100 cm in length. In the present case, the female parasite was 50 cm long and the male was 35 cm. The patient presented parasitism very young, at just 6 months of age. The parasitic infection of the animal was attributed to the ingestion of water or food contaminated with an intermediate host, the aquatic annelid Lumbriculus variegatus. It is suggested that the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the infective stage of the parasite may have occurred at 2 months of age or younger, since the prepatent period is approximately 6 months. The parasite was found only in the patient’s right kidney. Hydronephrosis was reported in the patient and was caused by obstruction of the internal urethral ostium by the adult nematode. In this case, the recommended surgical treatment was nephrectomy, to which the patient was subjected, leading to successful recovery. This case occurred in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, where there are no records of parasitism by D. renale in domestic dogs, unlike other states in Brazil. We therefore emphasize the importance of new studies on D. renale, given the lack of clear records describing the parasite’s epidemiological data, biological cycle and diagnosis, which may hinder the prevention and control of this zoonotic disease.Keywords: canine dioctophymosis, helminth, nematoid, giant kidney worm, hydronephrosis.Descritores: dioctofimose canina, helminto, nematoide, verme gigante renal, hidronefrose.

Leucoencefalomalácia Em Equinos: Revisão De Literatura

“…O diagnóstico é feito com base no estado clínico do cavalo, no histórico, manejo e exame laboratorial (hemograma e bioquímico). Há também análise dos alimentos fornecidos para o animal (Santos et al, 2013). A apresentação clínica e o histórico de possível exposição à ração contaminada deve levantar suspeita de leucoencefalomalácia, particularmente se vários animais são afetados (Weese; Munroe, 2011).…”

“…Fornecer alimentos adequados e o armazenamento de grãos em condições que desencorajam o crescimento de fungos (Reed, 2021). Além disso, os alimentos devem ser estocados em locais ideais, com pouca umidade (Santos et al, 2013).…”

“…As fumonisinas possuem ação sobre o Sistema Nervoso Central de equídeos, desenvolvendo sinais neurológicos súbitos, em virtude de necrose de liquefação da substância branca (Santos et al, 2013). Além disso, equinos são a espécie mais sensível em relação as fumonisinas, níveis em torno de 10 mg/kg ou até menos na comida podem induzir a leucoencefalomalácia (Marasas, 2001).…”

Nefrectomia e penectomia após o diagnóstico acidental de Dioctophyme renale em cão no município de Campos do Jordão, Brasil

“…Deve-se atentar que a região serrana de Campos do Jordão é a principal área de criação de trutas-arco-íris do Brasil (NOBILE et al, 2019), caracterizada por propriedades rurais, que utilizam a água de rios e nascentes para abastecer os tanques e raceways de criação comercial desta espécie, os quais podem atuar como hospedeiros paratênicos. Estes fatores contribuem para a infecção de cães pela ingestão de água contaminada e/ou pelo comportamento de caça de hospedeiros, tais como peixes e anfíbios (EICKE et al, 2014;FERRO et al, 2018;FREITAS et al, 2018;SANTOS et al, 2022). Em Santa Rita do Sapucaí, município mineiro também da região da Serra da Mantiqueira, foi diagnosticado um caso em cão que também tinha acesso a rios e lagos, o que demonstra que o parasito circula entre os peixes e animais silvestres e domésticos nesta região do Brasil (COSTA et al, 2020).…”