Nephro-protective Efficacy of African Locust Bean Seed against Potassium Bromate-induced Renal Damage

Abstract

Background: Potassium bromate (KBrO3) has been utilized extensively to sterilize water, dye hair, oxidize food, add to bread dough as a maturing agent, and condition wheat dough, thereby entering into human body. It has been claimed to cause a number of toxicities including nephrotoxicity.
 Aim: This study, therefore, sought to investigate the nephro-protective efficacy of African locust bean (ALB) seed against potassium bromate-induced renal damage.
 Methodology: Using a soxhlet extractor with ethanol as the solvent, ALB was extracted. Twenty-four mature male Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups A, B, C, and D after being acclimated in the lab. Oral distilled water was administered to Group A. Although groups C and D likewise received 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of ALB, respectively, the animals in groups B, C, and D received 100 mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate. Rats received daily doses of freshly produced potassium bromate and ALB extract by oral gavage. Blood and kidney sample were taken after the prescribed 28-day course of medication. Standard techniques were used to assess renal biomarkers.
 Results: When compared to the control group, potassium bromate treatment led to significant (P<0.05) increases in the serum levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl–), and bicarbonate (HCO3–). Renal levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were likewise elevated by KBrO3 poisoning in comparison to the control group. However, combined administration of KBrO3 and ALB seed extract resulted in significant dose-dependent reductions in the levels of all kidney biomarkers examined, with 200 mg/kg being the most effective dose.
 Conclusion: This study revealed that potassium bromate indeed induced nephrotoxicity by unhinging renal biomarkers investigated in this study. It was further observed that seed extract of African locust bean (ALB) alleviated these adverse effects on the kidney by resisting the perturbations, thereby exhibiting nephron-protective effect. The biochemical composition of ALB has conferred it with this ability.

Protective and Curative Potential of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Corchorus olitorius against Potassium Bromate-Induced Renal Toxicity

“…They include creatinine, urea, uric acid, electrolytes, pro-inflammatory markers such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and Interleukins-6 (IL-6). These were elevated by KBrO 3 in this study, supporting a previously proposed free radical-based mechanism for kidney injury [8].…”

“…In diverse animal species and strains, and at varied doses, KBrO 3 was found to cause renal impairments, according to several researchers [8,32,33]. Nonetheless, some researchers [34] have found scant to no indication of renal abnormalities in Fischer 334 rats.…”

“…It has been reported that numerous efforts have been made to identify potential protective medications against the organ toxicity caused by KBrO 3 , in particular nephrotoxicity. The substances examined included Parkia biglobosa [8], taurine [26], Nymphaea alba L. [33], and rutin [35]. The fact that these agents all possess potent anti-oxidant properties unites them, and it is widely known that the formation of ROS reduces enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and initiates lipid peroxidation, is a key mechanism of KBrO 3 -induced nephrotoxicity [36,37].…”

“…The procedure outlined by Abali et al [8] was followed in the preparation of the renal homogenate. After the animals were sacrificed, the kidneys were taken out, split in half, and kept in an ice-cold container to make the renal homogenates.…”

“…Humans who are acutely intoxicated with KBrO 3 can develop renal failure, neuropathological abnormalities, and thrombocytopenia, while those who are chronically intoxicated have been shown to develop a number of renal and nonrenal malignancies [5]. According to experimental studies, KBrO 3 can cause oxidative stress [6], hepatotoxicity [7], nephrotoxicity [8], testicular toxicity [9], dyslipidemia [10], lower sperm quality [11], decreased male reproductive hormones [12], abnormalities in coagulation factors [13], and other negative effects.…”