Nephrolithiasis and Pyelonephritis in Two West Indian Manatees (Trichechus manatus spp.)

Keller, Martha; Moliner, José L.; Vásquez, Grettys; Cruz, Danilo; Bello, Orestes; Costidis, A. M.; Rommel, Sentiel A.; Mays, M. B. Calderwood; Gearhart, Scott

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.707

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Nephroliths in marine mammals can lead to ureteral and urethral obstruction, hydronephrosis, kidney atrophy, and loss of function (Dennison et al 2007, Keller et al 2008, Venn-Watson et al 2008, as was also evident in the present study's population of dolphins. As such, the MMP is striving to treat and prevent nephrolithiasis in dolphins.…”

Section: Clinical Significance Of Nephrolithiasis In Dolphinssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Nephrolithiasis has been reported in few marine mammals, including a northern elephant seal, a harbor seal, a California sea lion, and 2 West Indian manatees (Stroud 1979, Dennison et al 2007, Keller et al 2008. We previously reported a case of end-stage renal disease associated with urate nephrolithiasis in an adult male bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Venn-Watson et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Clinical relevance of urate nephrolithiasis in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus

Venn‐Watson¹,

Smith²,

Johnson³

et al. 2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Few cases of nephrolithiasis (renal calculi) have been reported in bottlenose dolphinsTursiops truncatus. A case-control study was conducted to compare ultrasonographic images and clinicopathologic serum and urine values among 14 dolphins with nephrolithiasis (mild cases: 1 to 19 nephroliths, n = 8; advanced cases: ≥20 nephroliths, n = 6) to 6 controls over an 18 mo period. Archived nephroliths collected postmortem from 7 additional bottlenose dolphins were characterized using quantitative analysis. All advanced cases had bilateral nephroliths, and 67% had visible collecting ducts. During the study, 2 of the advanced cases developed hydronephrosis, and 1 of these cases had ureteral obstruction due to a nephrolith. Compared to controls, cases (mild and advanced) were significantly more likely to have anemia (hematocrit [HCT] < 38%), high blood urea nitrogen (> 59 mg dl ). Advanced-case urine samples were more likely to have erythrocytes, occult blood, and lower pH compared to mild cases and controls. Mean serum uric acid among all study groups was low (0.15 to 0.27 mg dl -1 ). Urinary uric acid concentrations were highest among mild cases (272 mg g -1 creatinine), but advanced cases had levels lower than that of controls (40 and 127 mg g -1 creatinine, respectively). All nephroliths were characterized as 100% ammonium acid urate. We conclude that nephrolithiasis is clinically relevant in dolphins and can decrease renal function and HCT. The presence of nephrolithiasis, presumably ammonium acid urate nephrolithiasis, in the face of low serum uric and relatively low urinary uric acid in advanced cases may indicate a metabolic syndrome similar to that reported in humans. (Ulrich et al. 1996). The reference laboratory also observed the samples for the presence of xanthine using infrared spectroscopy (Ulrich et al. 1996).Ultrasound evaluations and study population definitions. Both kidneys from 20 dolphins were evaluated and total nephrolith counts were estimated using at least 1 renal ultrasound examination during the study period. A Voluson i portable ultrasound machine with a 2 to 5 MHz 4D transducer (RAB2-5-RS; General Electric Healthcare) was used to capture images of the kidneys. Ultrasound evaluation using B-mode with tissue harmonic imaging included (1) nephrolith identification and quantification, and (2) measurement of the collecting duct if it was visible. Collecting-duct measurements were only included if color Doppler ultrasound confirmed that the image was a collecting duct and not a vessel. To evaluate kidneys for the presence of nephroliths, cine loops of each kidney were captured in both the longitudinal and transverse planes and then reviewed with OsiriX imaging software (open source; www.osirix-viewer.com). Nephroliths were identified as hyperechoic foci within the kidney that created acoustic shadowing and were quantitated for a total nephrolith count per kidney (see Fig. 1). We did not use color or power Doppler to look for twinkling artifact as an identifier of nephroliths in our study...

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Section: Clinical Significance Of Nephrolithiasis In Dolphinssupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Clinical relevance of urate nephrolithiasis in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus

Venn‐Watson¹,

Smith²,

Johnson³

et al. 2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Reports of fibro-purulent bronchopneumonia and chronic kidney diseases in Antillean manatee are rare and poorly described. Keller et al (2008) described the multifocal to diffuse pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis and nephrocalcinosis in West Indian manatees. On the other hand, Deninson et al (2007) showed urate nephrolithiasis in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and a california sea lion (Zalophus californianus).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibro-Purulent Bronchopneumonia and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus L. 1758)

Klećkowska‐Nawrot¹

2019

PVJ

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“…28 Although significant rescue and rehabilitation efforts are in place, few reports of renal pathology in Florida manatees exist in the veterinary literature, and renal compromise is an underexplored area in the medical rehabilitation of sirenians. 12,14,18,19 These animals frequently present dehydrated on arrival to critical care facili-ties, 7 may have sustained direct trauma to the kidneys via boat strikes (as the kidneys lie caudodorsally in the abdominal cavity, making them prone to fractures), and may experience ischemic events related to coagulation disorders. 3,18 Clinicians are limited to analysis of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels, and urinalysis (if a urine sample can be obtained) in order to evaluate renal function, which may not accurately reflect renal function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Evaluation of Symmetric Dimethylarginine as a Biomarker of Renal Insufficiency in Wild and Rehabilitated Florida Manatees (Trichechus Manatus Latirostris)

Smith¹,

Bonde²,

Nau³

et al. 2023

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Currently, there are limited antemortem tests available to evaluate renal function in Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Although few reports of renal pathology in manatees exist in the veterinary literature, debilitated animals that present to rehabilitation centers are frequently dehydrated, may have sustained renal trauma secondary to watercraft injury, and may experience ischemic events related to coagulation disorders leading to renal compromise. Clinicians remain limited to the analysis of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine levels, and urinalysis (if urine is obtained) to determine the extent of renal insufficiency, which may not accurately reflect renal function. This poses a diagnostic challenge for clinicians in discerning how critical renal compromise is to the animal's overall health and prognosis. For the first phase of this study, retrospective symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) values were determined from banked serum or plasma samples from 14 wild Florida manatees that had been collected while the animals were under rehabilitation in zoological institutions prior to their deaths. Values of SDMA for nine samples from eight manatees with known renal disease, as determined by histopathology, were compared to SDMA values for seven samples from six manatees with no reported renal lesions on histopathology. Values of SDMA from wild Florida manatees with known renal disease (mean 33.56 lg/dl 6 13.15, P ¼ 0.017) were statistically significantly elevated when compared to SDMA values from manatees with no reported renal lesions (mean ¼ 18.71 lg/dl 6 6.9) on histopathology. For the second phase of the study, serum or plasma samples were obtained from wild manatee populations from two geographically separate presumed-healthy wild manatee populations (n ¼ 57). Although the upper limit was higher, serum SDMA concentrations from presumed-healthy wild manatees were comparable to those reported in small animal and equine medicine at 5.88-16.97 lg/dl.

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Nephrolithiasis and Pyelonephritis in Two West Indian Manatees (Trichechus manatus spp.)

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

Clinical relevance of urate nephrolithiasis in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus

Clinical relevance of urate nephrolithiasis in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus

Fibro-Purulent Bronchopneumonia and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus L. 1758)

Preliminary Evaluation of Symmetric Dimethylarginine as a Biomarker of Renal Insufficiency in Wild and Rehabilitated Florida Manatees (Trichechus Manatus Latirostris)

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