Nerve fibers immunoreactive to protein gene product 9.5, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and neuropeptide Y in the dental pulp, periodontal ligament, and gingiva in cats

Heyeraas, Karin J.; Kvinnsland, Inger Hals; Byers, Margaret R.; Jacobsen, Ellen

doi:10.3109/00016359309040569

Cited by 69 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The central region of the pulp hardly becomes calcified under normal physiological conditions; however, tooth transplantation and replantation induce calcification, resulting in an almost stenotic state (Shimizu et al 2000;Kawasaki et al 2004). The dental pulp has a rich nerve supply, and most of these nerves are located within the wall of blood vessels in the pulp (Heyeraas et al 1993). In addition, many neuromodulatory molecules are expressed in this pulpal tissue (Nosrat et al 1998;Fried et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Distinct Processes of Bone-like Tissue Formation by Dental Pulp Cells after Tooth Transplantation

Hosoya

Yukita

Yoshiba

et al. 2012

J Histochem Cytochem.

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Dental pulp is involved in the formation of bone-like tissue in response to external stimuli. However, the origin of osteoblast-like cells constructing this tissue and the mechanism of their induction remain unknown. We therefore evaluated pulp mineralization induced by transplantation of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)–labeled tooth into a GFP-negative hypodermis of host rats. Five days after the transplantation, the upper pulp cavity became necrotic; however, cell-rich hard tissue was observed adjacent to dentin at the root apex. At 10 days, woven bone-like tissue was formed apart from the dentin in the upper pulp. After 20 days, these hard tissues expanded and became histologically similar to bone. GFP immunoreactivity was detected in the hard tissue-forming cells within the root apex as well as in the upper pulp. Furthermore, immunohistochemical observation of α–smooth muscle actin, a marker for undifferentiated cells, showed a positive reaction in cells surrounding this bone-like tissue within the upper pulp but not in those within the root apex. Immunoreactivities of Smad4, Runx2, and Osterix were detected in the hard tissue-forming cells within both areas. These results collectively suggest that the dental pulp contains various types of osteoblast progenitors and that these cells might thus induce bone-like tissue in severely injured pulp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Distinct Processes of Bone-like Tissue Formation by Dental Pulp Cells after Tooth Transplantation

Hosoya

Yukita

Yoshiba

et al. 2012

J Histochem Cytochem.

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“…6), a finding which implicates these neuropeptides in blood flow regulation. However, not only the nerves associated with blood vessels, but also most nerves in the subodontoblast/odontoblast area (Casasco et al, 1990) and nerve fibers penetrating the dentinal tubules show immunoreactivity for CGRP and substance P (Byers, 1992;Heyeraas et al, 1993). These immunoreactive nerve fibers in dentin may very well represent branches of nerves terminating around the pulpal blood vessels.…”

Section: Interstitial Fluid Pressure In the Pulpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research during the last decade has shown that not only the autonomic sympathetic nerves but also the sensory nerves have a strong impact on blood circulation in the dental pulp, due to the liberation of vasodilating neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). In the cat pulp, most of the sensory nerve fibers contain these neuropeptides (Heyeraas et al), 1993). The majority of sensory nerve fibers containing the vasodilating neuropeptides CGRP and SP in the main pulp seem to be located in the walls of blood vessels (Fig.…”

Section: Interstitial Fluid Pressure In the Pulpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interstitial Fluid Pressure in Normal and Inflamed Pulp

Heyeraas

Berggreen

1999

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

146

127

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Tissue pressure is the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid which surrounds the pulpal cells. This pressure outside the vessels is normally considerably lower than the blood pressure inside the vessels. The dental pulp has a relatively low interstitial compliance due to its enclosure between rigid dentin walls. Accordingly, even a modest increase in pulpal fluid volume will raise the tissue pressure, which may compress blood vessels, leading to ischemia and necrosis. Inflammation may lead to an increase in both interstitial fluid volume and blood volume in the low-compliant pulp and thereby increase the tissue pressure. However, the increased tissue pressure may, in turn, initiate increased lymph flow and absorption of fluid into capillaries in nearby non-inflamed tissue. Both of these latter factors will transport fluid out of the affected area and subsequently out of the tooth and consequently lower the tissue pressure. Increased tissue pressure, whether caused by increased blood volume or increased capillary filtration, will promote outward flow of fluid through exposed dentin tubules and thereby help to protect the pulp against entry of harmful substances. It seems physiologically beneficial, therefore, for the pulp to have a high tissue pressure, which promptly increases when blood flow increases due to its low compliance.

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“…3), can be explained by the presence of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in sympathetic terminals in the pulp of several species, including man (Uddman et al, 1984;Edwall et al, 1985;Wakisaka, 1990;Casasco et al, 1990;Luthmanetal., 1992;Heyeraas et al, 1993). The distribution of axons with NPY-IR is very similar to the distribution of axons with dopamine-p-hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in catecholamine synthesis (see Wakisaka, 1990).…”

Section: Sympathetic Systemmentioning

confidence: 60%

Neural Control of Pulpal Blood Flow

Olgart

1996

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

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Blood flow of mammalian dental pulp is under both remote and local control. There is evidence for the existence of parasympathetic nerves in the pulp, but functionally the cholinergic influence is weak, and the physiological significance of this autonomic system seems to be low. The evidence for sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves in the pulp is robust, and there is convincing support for the contention that these nerves play a physiological role, operating via release of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y. However, there is no significant functional evidence in support of sympathetic beta-adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilation in the pulp. The local control of blood flow involves a subset of intradental sensory nerves. By virtue of their neuropeptide content, these afferent fibers cause vasodilation and inhibit sympathetic vasoconstriction in response to painful stimulation of the tooth. Such locally governed control may serve to meet immediate demands of the pulp tissue. A locally triggered reflex activation of sympathetic nerves in the pulp may modulate this control and limit its magnitude. Thus, there are competitive interactions between local and remote vascular controls which may be put out of balance in the injured and inflamed dental pulp.

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Nerve fibers immunoreactive to protein gene product 9.5, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and neuropeptide Y in the dental pulp, periodontal ligament, and gingiva in cats

Cited by 69 publications

References 25 publications

Two Distinct Processes of Bone-like Tissue Formation by Dental Pulp Cells after Tooth Transplantation

Two Distinct Processes of Bone-like Tissue Formation by Dental Pulp Cells after Tooth Transplantation

Interstitial Fluid Pressure in Normal and Inflamed Pulp

Neural Control of Pulpal Blood Flow

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