Nestedness of bird assemblages along an urbanisation gradient in Central India

Diversity of Bird Communities in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plantations in Fujian Province, South-Eastern China

“…Samples taken on 9, 10, 11 August, and 5, 6, 13, 14 September in 2018 were termed "Autumn 2018" even though the first three belong to the late summer period. Spring 2019 census dates were 30, 31 March, 13,14,19,20 April, and summer 2019 included dates of 21, 22, 29 June, and 1, 26, 27, 28 July. There was always equal sampling effort devoted to forest and tea (on the same dates or maximum one day apart) at any site, so these were always directly comparable.…”

“…When repeated censuses are made in the same area, almost inevitably the same species are recorded in various numbers. One cannot be certain which one is the correct number, so it is customary to consider the maximum number recorded within a season as the number closest to reality [14]. The spatial arrangement of the count points in this research ensured spatial independence for most species; therefore, we first established the abundance at a census point, which was taken as the highest number recorded at that point during one season.…”

“…Biodiversity in such transformed landscapes has an obvious source: the original habitat. Not all species living there can tolerate the new conditions, thus the biodiversity on the converted areas can be a nested subset of that in the original habitat [14]. Theoretically, it is possible that none of the species from the original habitat can survive in the converted one, thus the species found in the latter are all immigrants from elsewhere.…”

Bird species assemblages in railway stations: variations along an urban-rural gradient

“…Urban landscapes differ substantially and extensively from natural and semi-natural habitats (Marzluff 2001, Chace & Walsh 2006, in terms of food resources, predator communities (Haskell et al 2001, Sorace 2002, weather conditions (Haggard 1990), and pollution disturbance (Eeva et al 2000). As a consequence, the bird assemblages vary considerably revealed through studiesfrom urban areas of India (Sengupta et al 2014, Kale et al 2018a, 2018b, Pal et al 2019 and elsewhere (Chace & Walsh 2006, Chamberlain et al 2009. In many instances, the rapid urbanization in association with infrastructural revolution leads to extensive modification of natural landscapes that eventually results in a profound restructuring of the preferred habitats of birds (Blair 1996, Chamberlain et al 2009, Morelli et al 2014.…”

“…In many instances, the rapid urbanization in association with infrastructural revolution leads to extensive modification of natural landscapes that eventually results in a profound restructuring of the preferred habitats of birds (Blair 1996, Chamberlain et al 2009, Morelli et al 2014. As a result, an alteration in the bird species assemblages may be observed along the urbanization gradient with varying levels of the habitat conditions and the degree of disturbances (Gering & Blair 1999, Kale et al 2018a, 2018b, Rodrigues et al 2018, Filloy et al 2019, Pal et al 2019. Although the effects of urbanization on the environmental processes are usually complex and poorly understood, the birds can be considered as bio-monitoring tool to retrieve the consequences on human and wildlife biota (Chace & Walsh 2006, Pollack et al 2017).…”