Net terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub>exchange over China during 2001-2010 estimated with an ensemble data assimilation system for atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>

Zhang, H. F.; Chen, B. Z.; Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T. van der; Chen, J.; Xu, Guoce; Yan, Junhua; Li-hua, Zhou; Fukuyama, Yukio; Tans, Pieter P.; Peters, Wouter

doi:10.1002/2013jd021297

Cited by 67 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(156 reference statements)

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“…And our estimate was significantly higher than that during 1981-2000 based on a variety of ways [25], and was also higher than the sink during 2001-2010 (0.28-0.33 PgC a -1 , Table 8) obtained from atmospheric inversion method [24,83], models [79] and resource inventory method [84,85]. These differences resulted primarily for two reasons.…”

Section: Uncertainty In the Assessment Of Carbon Sinkcontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…Currently, the methods used in the determination of ecosystem productivity and the evaluations of the carbon budget at different spatial and temporal scales include eddy covariance [11], resource inventory [12,13], airborne laser scanning [14], remote sensing evaluation based on resource satellite observations [15], remote sensing inversion of carbon satellites [16,17], geographical statistical modeling [18,19], analysis based on process-based models [20][21][22] and atmospheric inversion [23,24]. These technologies have improved continually with their own appropriate spatiotemporal scales, and researchers have also performed meta-analyses based on multi-source data from different approaches [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary estimation of Chinese terrestrial carbon sequestration during 2001–2010

et al. 2015

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Quantifying the carbon budgets of terrestrial ecosystems is the foundation on which to understand the role of these ecosystems as carbon sinks and to mitigate global climate change. Through a re-examination of the conceptual framework of ecosystem productivity and the integration of multi-source data, we assumed that the entire terrestrial ecosystems in China to be a large-scale regional biome-society system. We approximated the carbon fluxes of key natural and anthropogenic processes at a regional scale, including fluxes of emissions from reactive carbon and creature ingestion, and fluxes of emissions from anthropogenic and natural disturbances. The gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in China were 7.78, 5.89 and 1.89 PgC a -1 , respectively, during the period from 2001 to 2010. After accounting for the consumption of reactive carbon and creature ingestion (0.078 PgC a -1 ), fires (0.002 PgC a -1 ), water erosion (0.038 PgC a -1 ) and agricultural and forestry utilization (0.806 PgC a -1 ), the final carbon sink in China was about 0.966 PgC a -1 ; this was considered as the climate-based potential terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink for the current climate conditions in China. The carbon emissions caused by anthropogenic disturbances accounted for more than 42 % of the NEP, which indicated that humans can play an important role in increasing terrestrial carbon sequestration and mitigating global climate change. This role can be fulfilled by reducing the carbon emissions caused by human activities and by prolonging the residence time of fixed organic carbon in the large-scale regional biome-society system through the improvement of ecosystem management.

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Section: Uncertainty In the Assessment Of Carbon Sinkcontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary estimation of Chinese terrestrial carbon sequestration during 2001–2010

et al. 2015

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“…Retrievals of XCO 2 from the near-infrared nadir spectral radiance and solar irradiance measurements of the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument between 2003 and 2005 are compared with global XCO 2 obtained from CarbonTracker, which showed that the measured CO 2 year-toyear increase agrees within about 1 ppm/year with CarbonTracker (Buchwitz et al 2006). The Carbon Tracker was used to estimate net ecosystem CO 2 exchange over China for the period from 2001 to 2010, in which additional Chinese and Asian CO 2 observations were input to improve its estimation accuracy (Zhang et al 2014a). Carbon Tracker was also applied to estimate the carbon flux of Asia by combining CO 2 data from the Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airline (CONTRAIL) with ground CO 2 observations distributed by NOAA-ESRL and the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) (Zhang et al 2014b).…”

Section: Classical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fundamental theorem of Earth’s surface modelling

et al. 2016

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Ground observation is able to obtain highly accurate data with high temporal resolution at observation points, but these observation points are too sparse to satisfy some application requirements. Satellite remote sensing and system models can frequently supply spatially continuous information about the Earth's surface, which is impossible from ground-based investigations, but remote sensing description and system model simulation are not able to directly obtain process parameters. The most effective method for Earth surface modelling entails the integration of satellite observations or system models with ground observations. However, the full integration was ignored in most of the methods. For finding a solution for this problem, we suggest an alternative method, high accuracy surface modeling (HASM), which takes global approximate information (e.g., remote sensing images or model simulation results) as its driving field and local accurate information (e.g., ground observation data and/or sampling data) as its optimum control constraints. HASM completes its operation when its output satisfies the iteration stopping criterion which is determined by application requirement for accuracy. A Fundamental Theorem of Earth Surface Modelling (FTESM) is abstracted on the basis of applying HASM to simulating surfaces of elevation, soil properties, changes of ecosystem services, and driving forces of the changes on multi-scales for about 20 years. FTESM is described as ''an Earth's surface system or a component surface of the Earth's surface environment can be simulated with HASM when its spatial resolution is fine enough, which is uniquely defined by both extrinsic and intrinsic invariants of the surface''. From FTESM, seven corollaries have been deduced, corresponding to interpolation, upsaling, downscaling, data fusion and data assimilation respectively.

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“…More broadly, evaluation against all types of independent atmospheric observations provides an additional window into the degree to which estimated fluxes capture key features of the atmospheric signal, such as the seasonal cycle, latitudinal gradients, or regional patterns of concentrations (e.g., Zhang et al, 2014;Jiang et al, 2014;Díaz Isaac et al, 2014;Pandey et al, 2016;Liu and Bowman, 2016;Johnson et al, 2016).…”

Section: Evaluation Against Unused Atmospheric Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic methods for atmospheric inversions of long-lived greenhouse gases

2017

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Abstract. The ability to predict the trajectory of climate change requires a clear understanding of the emissions and uptake (i.e., surface fluxes) of long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs). Furthermore, the development of climate policies is driving a need to constrain the budgets of anthropogenic GHG emissions. Inverse problems that couple atmospheric observations of GHG concentrations with an atmospheric chemistry and transport model have increasingly been used to gain insights into surface fluxes. Given the inherent technical challenges associated with their solution, it is imperative that objective approaches exist for the evaluation of such inverse problems. Because direct observation of fluxes at compatible spatiotemporal scales is rarely possible, diagnostics tools must rely on indirect measures. Here we review diagnostics that have been implemented in recent studies and discuss their use in informing adjustments to model setup. We group the diagnostics along a continuum starting with those that are most closely related to the scientific question being targeted, and ending with those most closely tied to the statistical and computational setup of the inversion. We thus begin with diagnostics based on assessments against independent information (e.g., unused atmospheric observations, largescale scientific constraints), followed by statistical diagnostics of inversion results, diagnostics based on sensitivity tests, and analyses of robustness (e.g., tests focusing on the chemistry and transport model, the atmospheric observations, or the statistical and computational framework), and close with the use of synthetic data experiments (i.e., observing system simulation experiments, OSSEs). We find that existing diagnostics provide a crucial toolbox for evaluating and improving flux estimates but, not surprisingly, cannot overcome the fundamental challenges associated with limited atmospheric observations or the lack of direct flux measurements at compatible scales. As atmospheric inversions are increasingly expected to contribute to national reporting of GHG emissions, the need for developing and implementing robust and transparent evaluation approaches will only grow.

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Net terrestrial CO₂exchange over China during 2001-2010 estimated with an ensemble data assimilation system for atmospheric CO₂

Cited by 67 publications

References 78 publications

Primary estimation of Chinese terrestrial carbon sequestration during 2001–2010

Primary estimation of Chinese terrestrial carbon sequestration during 2001–2010

A fundamental theorem of Earth’s surface modelling

Diagnostic methods for atmospheric inversions of long-lived greenhouse gases

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Net terrestrial CO2exchange over China during 2001-2010 estimated with an ensemble data assimilation system for atmospheric CO2

Cited by 67 publications

References 78 publications

Primary estimation of Chinese terrestrial carbon sequestration during 2001–2010

Primary estimation of Chinese terrestrial carbon sequestration during 2001–2010

A fundamental theorem of Earth’s surface modelling

Diagnostic methods for atmospheric inversions of long-lived greenhouse gases

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Product

Resources

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Net terrestrial CO₂exchange over China during 2001-2010 estimated with an ensemble data assimilation system for atmospheric CO₂