17 The genomically imprinted UBE3A gene encodes a E3 ubiquitin ligase whose loss from 18 the maternal allele leads to the neurodevelopmental disorder Angelman syndrome.19 However, the mechanisms by which loss of maternal UBE3A contribute to severe 20 neurodevelopmental phenotypes are poorly understood. Previous studies of UBE3A 21 function have focused on mouse models or single targets, but these approaches do not 22 accurately reflect the complexity of imprinted gene networks in the brain nor the 23 systems-level cognitive dysfunctions in Angelman syndrome. We therefore utilized a 24 systems biology approach to better elucidate how UBE3A loss impacts the early 25 postnatal brain in a novel CRISPR/Cas9 engineered rat Angelman model of a complete 26 Ube3a deletion. Strand-specific transcriptome analysis of offspring derived from 27 maternally or paternally inherited Ube3a deletions revealed the expected parental 28 expression patterns of Ube3a sense and antisense transcripts by postnatal day 2 (P2) 29 in hypothalamus and day 9 (P9) in cortex, when compared to wild-type sex-matched 30 littermates. The dependency of genome-wide effects on parent-of-origin, Ube3a 31 genotype, and time (P2, P9) was investigated through transcriptome (RNA-seq of cortex 32 and hypothalamus) and methylome (whole genome bisulfite sequencing of 33 hypothalamus). Weighted gene co-expression and co-methylation network analyses 34 identified co-regulated networks in maternally inherited Ube3a deletion offspring 35 correlated with postnatal age that were enriched in developmental processes including 36 Wnt signaling, synaptic regulation, neuronal and glial functions, epigenetic regulation, 37 ubiquitin, circadian entrainment, and splicing. Furthermore, using this novel rat model, 38 we showed that loss of the paternally expressed Ube3a antisense transcript resulted in 3 39 both unique and overlapping dysregulated gene pathways, predominantly at the level of 40 differential methylation, when compared to loss of maternal Ube3a. Together, these 41 results provide the most holistic examination to date of the molecular impacts of UBE3A 42 loss in brain, supporting the existence of interactive epigenetic networks between 43 maternal and paternal transcripts at the Ube3a locus.
4445 Author Summary 46 The neurodevelopmental disorder Angelman syndrome is caused by loss of UBE3A 47 from the maternal chromosome. UBE3A is a genomically imprinted gene, which results 48 in parent-of-origin specific expression of a protein from the mother and a noncoding 49 RNA from the father. While mouse models have been useful in investigating diverse 50 roles for UBE3A, their partial mutations are of limited utility for investigating parental 51 imprinting effects or identifying a complete list of downstream differences in gene 52 pathways relevant to developing therapies for Angelman syndrome. To address this 53 limitation, we utilized a novel rat model with a CRISPR/Cas9 engineered full UBE3A 54 deletion and systems biology approaches to better understand how UBE3A los...