I am greatly indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Choi San Shing, for his knowledge, guidance, dedication and exemplary academic standards. He always provides thoughtful guidance which contributes significantly towards the derivation of this thesis. I am deeply impressed by his rigorous attitude to do research, an attitude that will have lasting effect on my future research and work. I am deeply grateful to Dr. Sng Eng Kian Kenneth for his invaluable suggestions, comments and support in my studies. I am also very grateful to Dr. Don Mahinda Vilathgamuwa for the valuable discussions, suggestions, and support I have rececived from him throughout my research. Financial assistant provided by Nanyang Technological University is sincerely appreciated as it supports the completion of my study. In particular, I am deeply thankful to Mr. Foo Mong Keow for the support he has given to me in the course of experiments. I am also thankful to the technicians Ms. Chew Sim Annie, Mr. Yeoh Tiow Koon and Mr. Lee Ting Yeng for their technical support in the use of computers, software, and other equipment. Special thanks go to my wife, Jiao Rui, for her always being supportive, patient and loving. The constant support from my parents is deeply felt and appreciated.