Network Inequalities and International Migration in the Americas

Leal, Diego F.

doi:10.1086/713877

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…The effect of transitive closure is positive and significant, whereas the effects of open-2-paths and geographic distance are significantly negative (see Appendix A). The combination of positive effects of transitive closure and negative effects of open-2-paths indicates a latent hierarchy of attractiveness among countries, that is, differences in attractiveness between countries according to unobserved characteristics (Leal, 2021;Windzio, 2018;Windzio et al, 2021). Transitive closure implies a hierarchy in terms of 'friends of my friends are my friends': if there is a connection between country A and B and from B to C, transitive closure (GWESP) estimates the tendency to form a connection from A to C, which would close the triad in a hierarchical way (A < B < C).…”

Section: Multivariate Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does academic freedom matter for global student mobility? Results from longitudinal network data 2009–2017

Vögtle

Windzio

2023

High Educ

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Academic freedom and global student mobility are both topics high on the scientific and political agenda. However, the relationship between transnational student mobility and academic freedom in national higher education systems has not yet been investigated cross-nationally. This study intends to answer the question on how a countries’ level of academic freedom impacts on its’ attractiveness as a study destination. We analyse this connection from a network analytic perspective. While our data covers 167 countries as receivers and senders, our network analysis takes the attributes of countries and their relationship to each other into account in order to estimate the net effect of academic freedom ties in the network of global student mobility. We expect global student mobility to be directed from countries with low levels of academic freedom to countries with high levels of academic freedom. At the same time, academic freedom might be an attractive characteristic of a country to retain students in its domestic higher education system.

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Section: Multivariate Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does academic freedom matter for global student mobility? Results from longitudinal network data 2009–2017

Vögtle

Windzio

2023

High Educ

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“…More subtly, past work in this area tends to consider endogenous network patterns as mere residuals that represent unobserved regional characteristics that influence migration (cf. Leal 2021). On the contrary, as the migration systems theory suggests, these patterns carry theoretically and substantively critical information regarding the mechanisms influencing the migration system that cannot be tapped using other approaches.…”

Section: Migration As a Relational Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, Fawcett (1989:673) argued that the migration systems framework "brings into focus the interconnectedness of the system, in which one part is sensitive to changes in other parts." While prior literature on migration systems mostly remained theoretical, recent years has witnessed the rise of empirical research that formalize and test migration systems theory, thanks to the emergence of migration-flow data and advancements in social network analysis (Abel 2018;Desmarais and Cranmer 2012;DeWaard et al 2012DeWaard et al , 2020Leal 2021;Windzio 2018;Windzio et al 2019). Yet, many of these papers focus on international migration, despite the fact that migration systems was theorized on both internal and international migration settings (Mabogunje 1970;de Haas 2010).…”

Section: Migration As a Relational Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Originally theorized in the classic piece of Ravenstein (1885), stepwise migration has been widely documented to happen under various social contexts (Conway 1980;Freier and Holloway 2019;Paul 2011Paul , 2017Riddell and Harvey 1972), including internal migration in the United States (DeWaard et al 2016;Plane et al 2005). As Leal (2021) discovered in the analysis of international migration system among countries in the American continent, the triadic structure generated from stepwise migration can play a critical role in shaping the structure of migration flow networks.…”

Section: Waypoint Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rooted America: Immobility and Segregation of the Inter-county Migration Networks

Huang¹,

Butts²

2022

Preprint

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Despite the popular narrative that the United States is a "land of mobility," its internal migration rates have declined for decades, and reached a historical low. Economic and related factors were able to account for a portion of this trend, but the bulk has remained unexplained. Here, we propose a systemic, relational model of internal migration in the U.S., combining demographic, economic, political, and geographical factors with endogenous social mechanisms, with the objective of identifying factors limiting migration rates. We implement this model using valued temporal exponential-family random graph models, allowing us to calibrate it to the (valued) network of intercounty U.S. migration flows during the 2011-2015 period. Our analysis reveals a pattern of segmented immobility, where fewer people migrate between counties with dissimilar political contexts, levels of urbanization, and racial compositions. Probing our model using"knockout" experiments suggests that one would have observed approximately 3 million (17%) more intercounty migrants over the study period were the segmented immobility mechanisms inoperative. This analysis suggests that internal migration in the current era is driven not only by demographic and economic factors, but also cultural and political ones. It also reveals social and political cleavages that underlie geographical immobility in America.

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“…em 2012, a Venezuela seguia como o segundo país da América do Sul, atrás da Argentina, em volume de imigrantes recebidos (LEAL, 2021(LEAL, , p. 1099(LEAL, e 1102RAMÍREZ;LINÁREZ;USECHE, 2019, p. 106;TEXIDÓ;GURRIERI, 2012, p. 13, 15, 16-17). Os países aqui estudados estiveram entre os emissores de migrantes para a Venezuela: a Colômbia correspondeu à principal nacionalidade, mas o país também foi importante local de destino para todos os outros (com exceção do Brasil) 41 .…”

Section: Migração Venezuelanaunclassified

Entre o fechamento e a abertura: política migratória de admissão para nacionais venezuelanos na América do Sul

Gonçalves¹

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The Venezuelan migration crisis is an unprecedented migratory phenomenon in Latin America and currently is the second largest migration movement in the world after Syria. When widescale Venezuelan migration began, the receiving countries in the region did not require visas from Venezuelans; the regional reception was thus considered to be positive compared to responses to migratory crises in other parts of the world. Over time, however, countries have diversified their responses, with some keeping low entry requirements while others impose entry restrictions, like visa requirements, on Venezuelans. To better understand this change, this thesis investigates, from a comparative perspective, admission migration policies towards Venezuelans implemented by the Latin American countries that have received the most of these immigrants. Three countries -Peru, Ecuador, and Chile -have changed entry rules by imposing visa requirements on these immigrants, while others -Colombia, Brazil and Argentina -have not. This research aims to identify factors that may have influenced decisions regarding the admission of Venezuelans. The main argument is that the number of immigrants and shared borders were the crucial determinants in a country's decision on whether to impose a visa requirement on Venezuelans, although other factors were also present, such as foreign policy interests, internal political crises, perception of migration, immigrants' profiles, previous experience as a destination country, previous migration policies and common migratory history. Furthermore, the findings of this research challenge the "reverse paradox", a conceptual framework that has contributed in recent years to the understanding of migration policy in Latin America.

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Network Inequalities and International Migration in the Americas

Cited by 13 publications

References 109 publications

Does academic freedom matter for global student mobility? Results from longitudinal network data 2009–2017

Does academic freedom matter for global student mobility? Results from longitudinal network data 2009–2017

Rooted America: Immobility and Segregation of the Inter-county Migration Networks

Entre o fechamento e a abertura: política migratória de admissão para nacionais venezuelanos na América do Sul

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