Context:
Duchesnea indica
is effective against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, its underlying mechanism of action remains unclear.
Objective:
The present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of action and effects of
D. indica
components against HCC.
Materials and methods:
First, the effects of
D. indica
against HCC were investigated
in vitro
and
in vivo
. For
in vitro
experiments, HCC cell lines were treated with
D. indica
solutions at different concentrations (0, 1, 2 mg/mL) and then assessed for cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenic ability. For
in vivo
experiments, 24 mice were randomly divided into the following four groups: model group and
D. indica
low-, medium-, and high-dose groups. Tumor growth and CD34 and Ki67 expression levels were assessed to determine the effects of
D. indica
on cell proliferation and angiogenic ability. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing and differential expression analyses were used to identify
D. indica
-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HCC cells. Additionally, mass spectrometry was conducted to identify the chemical components of
D. indica
. Four databases were used to predict the target proteins of these chemical components in HCC. HCC-associated genes were identified from two databases. By intersecting the identified DEGs; target proteins; and HCC-associated genes, key
D. indica
-regulated HCC-related genes were identified. Subsequently, protein-protein interaction network, network pharmacology, and molecular docking were used to identify the active compounds in
D. indica
and their likely gene targets.
Results:
In vitro
experiments demonstrated that
D. indica
induced tumor cell apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenic potential.
In vivo
experiments demonstrated that
D. indica
inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. Bioinformatic analyses identified 49 key
D. indica-
regulated HCC-related genes, of which
FOS
,
SERPINE1
,
AKR1C3
, and
FGF2
were the most significant. Mass spectrometry identified the following five molecules in
D. indica
with potential anti-HCC activity: 4′, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone; ethyl protocatechuate; 3, 5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid; curculigosaponin A; and curculigine G. Molecular docking validated the interaction between
D. indica
active compounds and their target proteins in HCC.
Conclusions:
...