Network pharmacology to unveil the mechanism of suanzaoren decoction in the treatment of alzheimer’s with diabetes

Abstract

Background Suanzaoren Decoction (SZRD), a well-known formula from traditional Chinese medicine, has been shown to have reasonable cognitive effects while relaxing and alleviating insomnia. Several studies have demonstrated significant therapeutic effects of SZRD on diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the active ingredients and probable processes of SZRD in treating Alzheimer’s with diabetes are unknown. This study aims to preliminarily elucidate the potential mechanisms and potential active ingredients of SZRD in the treatment of Alzheimer’s with diabetes. Methods The main components and corresponding protein targets of SZRD were searched on the TCMSP database. Differential gene expression analysis for diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease was conducted using the Gene Expression Omnibus database, with supplementation from OMIM and genecards databases for differentially expressed genes. The drug-compound-target-disease network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.8.0. Disease and SZRD targets were imported into the STRING database to construct a protein-protein interaction network. Further, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed on the intersection of genes. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted on the Hub gene and active compounds. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed to further analyze key genes. Results Through the Gene Expression Omnibus database, we obtained 1977 diabetes related genes and 622 AD related genes. Among drugs, diabetes and AD, 97 genes were identified. The drug-compound-target-disease network revealed that quercetin, kaempferol, licochalcone a, isorhamnetin, formononetin, and naringenin may be the core components exerting effects. PPI network analysis identified hub genes such as IL6, TNF, IL1B, CXCL8, IL10, CCL2, ICAM1, STAT3, and IL4. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed that SZRD in the treatment of Alzheimer’s with diabetes is mainly involved in biological processes such as response to drug, aging, response to xenobiotic, and enzyme binding; as well as signaling pathways such as Pathways in cancer, Chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation, and Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis. Molecular docking results showed that licochalcone a, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, and formononetin have high affinity with CXCL8, IL1B, and CCL2. Molecular dynamics simulations also confirmed a strong interaction between CXCL8 and licochalcone a, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that CXCL8, IL1B, and CCL2 have significant potential in diabetes. Conclusion This study provides, for the first time, insights into the active ingredients and potential molecular mechanisms of SZRD in the treatment of Alzheimer’s with diabetes, laying a theoretical foundation for future basic research. Graphical Abstract

Herbal medicines in Alzheimer’s disease and the involvement of gut microbiota

“…Other evidence showed that SZRD could regulate microbiota-gut-brain axis by inhibiting the TLR4/NFκB/NLRP3 pathway so that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in the depressive mouse model was attenuated, restoring the relative abundance of gut microbiota by decreasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes and increasing the Firmicutes phylum members ( Du et al, 2023 ). Based on results from bioinformatic analysis, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation, SZRD may improve cognitive performance of AD patients with diabetes through a number of potential bioactive ingredients including licochalcone A, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, and formononetin ( Chen et al, 2024 ).…”