“…Homeland links and integration into social networks in the host society have been highlighted as increasing transnational engagement (Ahmadov & Sasse, 2016;Burgess, 2012;Careja & Emmenegger, 2012;Soysal, 1997;Van Tubergen, Maas, & Flap, 2004), as have a political environment in the host society that affords opportunities for inclusion and participation (Burgess, 2014;Eggert & Pilati, 2014;Escobar, Arana, & McCann, 2015;Pérez-Armendáriz & Crow, 2010). However, Guarnizo et al, (2003) found that in the Latin American context longer periods of residence, usually associated with lower transnational engagement, seem to provide the economic resources and stability needed for homeland engagement.…”