“…Scott 1988, Saxenian 1994, Maillat et al 1997, Ratti, Bramanti and Gordon 1997 relatively few empirical studies have actually provided convincing empirical evidence of the superiority of local over nonlocal interaction, aside from some well-known case studies on industrial districts and creative milieus (see, also, Markusen 1996). Empirical work on regional linkage patterns has provided evidence that even in regions, such as the San Francisco Bay area and Baden-Württemberg which are often portrayed as prototypes of regional networking, internal transactions are by no means dominant over external relations (Oakey, Rothwell and Cooper 1988;Grotz and Braun 1993). Not surprisingly, an increasing number of studies have begun to question the seemingly dominant character of local learning processes (Malecki and Oinas 1999, Bathelt 2001, Gertler 2001a, Vatne 2001).…”