Neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel / Recent developments in the field of laundry detergents and cleaners
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Cited by 10 publications
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The article contains sections titled: 1. Detergent Ingredients 1.1. Surfactants 1.1.1. Anionic Surfactants 1.1.2. Nonionic Surfactants 1.1.2.1. Alcohol Ethoxylates (AE) 1.1.2.2. Alkylphenol Ethoxylates (APE) 1.1.2.3. Fatty Acid Alkanolamides (FAA) 1.1.2.4. Alkylamine Oxides 1.1.2.5. N ‐Methylglucamides (NMG) 1.1.2.6. Alkylpolyglycosides (APG) 1.1.3. Cationic Surfactants 1.1.4. Amphoteric Surfactants 1.2. Builders 1.2.1. Alkalies 1.2.2. Complexing Agents 1.2.3. Ion Exchangers 1.2.4. Builder Combinations 1.3. Bleaches 1.3.1. Bleach‐Active Compounds 1.3.2. Bleach Activators 1.3.3. Bleach Catalysts 1.3.4. Bleach Stabilizers 1.4. Further Detergent Ingredients 1.4.1. Enzymes 1.4.2. Soil Antiredeposition Agents, Soil Repellent/Soil Release Agents 1.4.3. Foam Regulators 1.4.4. Corrosion Inhibitors 1.4.5. Fluorescent Whitening Agents 1.4.6. Dye Transfer Inhibitors 1.4.7. Fragrances 1.4.8. Dyes 1.4.9. Fillers and Formulation Aids 2. Laundry Products 2.1. Heavy‐Duty Detergents 2.1.1. Conventional Powder Heavy‐Duty Detergents 2.1.2. Compact and Supercompact Heavy‐Duty Detergents 2.1.3. Extruded Heavy Duty Detergents 2.1.4. Heavy‐Duty Detergent Tablets 2.1.5. Color Heavy‐Duty Detergents 2.1.6. Liquid Heavy‐Duty Detergents 2.2. Specialty Detergents 2.2.1. Powder Specialty Detergents 2.2.2. Liquid Specialty Detergents 2.3. Laundry Aids 2.3.1. Pretreatment Aids 2.3.2. Boosters 2.3.3. Aftertreatment Aids 2.3.3.1. Fabric Softeners 2.3.3.2. Stiffeners 2.3.3.3. Laundry Dryer Aids 2.3.4. Other Laundry Aids 2.3.4.1. Refreshing Products for Dryer Application 2.3.4.2. Odor Removers for Washer Application 3. Industrial and Institutional Detergents
Most surfactants are based on C 12 and C 14 chains from fatty acids and contain alkanols obtained from ethylene. Readily available fatty acids with C 18 and C 22 chains are barely used due to their lower water solubility and less suitable structure for micelle formation. To overcome these deficiencies, we attached polar groups to terminal and/or internal positions of oleic, petroselinic and erucic acid. Internal diols were prepared by epoxidation and acid-catalyzed ring opening or by bishydroxylation with catalytic amounts of osmium tetroxide. Terminal alcohols were prepared by reduction of the methyl esters. For the synthesis of the non-ionic surfactants, the alcohols were reacted with the p-toluenesulfonates of di-, tri-and tetraethyleneglycols or the epoxide ring was opened with the corresponding oligoethyleneglycols. This way, ethoxylates free of homologues were obtained. Sodium sulfate surfactants were prepared by reacting the mono-, di-and triols with different equivalents of chlorosulfonic acid. From the purified products, the spectroscopic and the surfactant properties were determined. The latter are in many cases equal or better than those of commercial ionic and non-ionic surfactants based on C 12 and C 14 carbon chains.
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