“…Some researchers claim that skeuomorphic design, rich in visual elements, captures users' visual attention more effectively (Creager and Gillan, 2016), while flat design may reduce visual differences between icons, leading to decreased attention, lower readability and usability (Spiliotopoulos et al, 2018). Others argue that skeuomorphic designs burden users with excessive cures, such as shadows and gradient, increasing visual load and slowing application loading time (Mu et al, 2022), but flat design highlights essential information and minimizes distracting elements, enhancing information conveyance efficiency (Kuan et al, 2015). Prior research has also demonstrated that flat design shows similar or better clickability than skeuomorphism (Lucaites et al, 2017).…”