Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion.

Sperry, R. W.

doi:10.1037/h0055479

Cited by 1,564 publications

(852 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The first hypothesis relates to the corollary discharge model already alluded to in the introduction. According to this model (Sperry, 1950;von Holst, 1954), a comparison is made within the central nervous system, between an internally generated signal (which reflects the desired movement) and other central signals, anticipating the consequences of this movement. The study of visuomotor behaviour in normal subjects clearly supports the existence of such a mechanism for accounting for the generation of fast and automatic correcting movements during reaching at small targets, for example (see Jeannerod, 1988 for review).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking for the agent: an investigation into consciousness of action and self-consciousness in schizophrenic patients

et al. 1997

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Looking for the agent: an investigation into consciousness of action and self-consciousness in schizophrenic patients. Cognition, Elsevier, 1997, 65, pp.71-86. Looking for the agent: an investigation into consciousness of action and self-consciousness in schizophrenic patients AbstractThe abilities to attribute an action to its proper agent and to understand its meaning when it is produced by someone else are basic aspects of human social communication. Several psychiatric syndromes, such as schizophrenia, seem to lead to a dysfunction of the awareness of one's own action as well as of recognition of actions performed by others. Such syndromes offer a framework for studying the determinants of agency, the ability to correctly attribute actions to their veridical source. Thirty normal subjects and 30 schizophrenic patients with and without hallucinations and/or delusional experiences were required to execute simple finger and wrist movements, without direct visual control of their hand. The image of either their own hand or an alien hand executing the same or a different movement was presented on a TV-screen in real time. The task for the subjects was to discriminate whether the hand presented on the screen was their own or not. Hallucinating and deluded schizophrenic patients were more impaired in discriminating their own hand from the alien one than the non-hallucinating ones, and tended to misattribute the alien hand to themselves. Results are discussed according to a model of action control. A tentative description of the mechanisms leading to action consciousness is proposed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking for the agent: an investigation into consciousness of action and self-consciousness in schizophrenic patients

et al. 1997

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“…1A, draws on an engineering concept called observer framework and extended earlier thinking on oculomotor control and concepts of "corollary discharge" and "efference copies" (Helmholtz, 1866;Sperry, 1950;von Holst and Mittelstaedt, 1950). The observer framework illustrates how i) predictive processing using forward models and ii) actual reafferent feedback are combined to efficiently control and improve sensorimotor control without the need for additional conscious monitoring.…”

Section: Agencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the forward model, this happens before any sensory feedback is available. One advantage of the forward model is that movements can be planned and adjusted without the need to wait for sensory feedback which can be delayed by up to 250 ms (Miall et al, 1993), which is one of the reasons why such models have first been proposed for ballistic movements, such as eye movements (Sperry, 1950;von Holst and Mittelstaedt, 1950). Simultaneously, the sensory consequences of the action are predicted using a sensory forward model (lower branch, Fig.…”

Section: Automatic Sensorimotor Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agency, gait and self-consciousness

Kannape

Blanke

2012

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Agency is an important aspect of bodily self-consciousness, allowing us to separate own movements from those induced by the environment and to distinguish own movements from those of other agents. Unsurprisingly, theoretical frameworks for agency such as central monitoring are closely tied to computational models of sensorimotor control. Until recently agency research has largely focussed on goal-directed movements of the upper limbs. In particular, the influence of performance-related sensory cues and the relevance of prediction signals for agency judgements have been studied through a variety of spatio-temporal mismatches between movement and the sensory consequences of movement. However, agents often perform a different type of movement; highly automated movements that involve the entire body such as walking, cycling, and swimming with potentially different agency mechanisms. Here, we review recent work about agency for full-body movements such as gait, highlighting the effects of performance-related visual and auditory cues on gait agency. Gait movements differ from upper limb actions. Gait is cyclic, more rarely immediately goal-directed, and is generally considered one of the most automatic and unconscious actions. We discuss such movement differences with respect to the functional mechanisms of full-body agency and body-part agency by linking these gait agency paradigms to computational models of motor control. This is followed by a selective review of gait control, locomotion, and models of motor control relying on prediction signals and underlining their relevance for full-body agency.

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“…However, it has been confirmed that during IE performed after muscle glycogen reduction, integrated electromyogram (iEMG) activity recorded in exercising muscle, which reflects central motor command (Amann et al 2006;Amann and Dempsey 2008), does not increase while ventilation is elevated (Osborne and Schneider 2006;Perrey et al 2003;Yamanaka et al 2012). These findings indicate the possibility that although ventilatory response to IE is related to effort sense, an increase in motor drive from the motor cortex to exercising muscles, which may produce effort sense via efference copy/corollary discharge mechanisms (Marcora 2009;Sperry 1950;Von Holst 1954), is not always required for the augmented ventilatory response to IE (Yamanaka et al 5 5 2012;Yunoki 2012). Thus, the mechanism of effort-mediated ventilatory response during IE remains to be elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Relationship between motor corticospinal excitability and ventilatory response during intense exercise

et al. 2016

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2 Abstract PurposeEffort sense has been suggested to be involved in the hyperventilatory response during intense exercise (IE). However, the mechanism by which effort sense induces an increase in ventilation during IE has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between effort-mediated ventilatory response and corticospinal excitability of lower limb muscle during IE. MethodsEight subjects performed 3 min of cycling exercise at 75-85% of maximum workload twice (IE 1st and IE 2nd ). IE 2nd was performed after 60 min of resting recovery following 45 min of submaximal cycling exercise at the workload corresponding to ventilatory threshold. Vastus lateralis muscle response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex (motor evoked potentials, MEPs), effort sense of legs (ESL, Borg 0-10 scale), and ventilatory response were measured during the two IEs. ResultsThe slope of ventilation (l/min) against CO 2 output (l/min) during IE 2nd (28.0 ± 5.6) was significantly greater than that (25.1 ± 5.5) during IE 1st . Mean ESL during IE was significantly higher in IE 2nd (5.25 ± 0.89) than in IE 1st (4.67 ± 0.62). Mean MEP (normalized to maximal M-wave) during IE was significantly lower in IE 2nd (66 ± 22%) than in IE 1st (77 ± 24%). The difference in mean ESL between the two IEs was significantly (p < 0.05, r = -0.82) correlated with the difference in mean MEP between the two IEs. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that effort-mediated hyperventilatory response to IE may be associated with a decrease in corticospinal excitability of exercising muscle.

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Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion.

Cited by 1,564 publications

References 10 publications

Looking for the agent: an investigation into consciousness of action and self-consciousness in schizophrenic patients

Looking for the agent: an investigation into consciousness of action and self-consciousness in schizophrenic patients

Agency, gait and self-consciousness

Relationship between motor corticospinal excitability and ventilatory response during intense exercise

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